Park, Jun-Eon. 2004. English-only Education Movement in the U.S.: Focusing on Proposition 227. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 12(1). This paper analyzes the recent English-only movement prevalent in the United States of America, focusing on Proposition 227, which was enacted as California Educational Code in 1998. Seemingly, the legislation of 227 is considered a victory of pro-English monolingual activists, who have propagated their anti-bilingual sentiment throughout the nation since the 1980s. Advocates of English-only education maintain that bilingualism and bilingual education do much harm to the limited English proficient students by obstructing the development of English proficiency, whereas advocates of bilingual education rebut this argument as groundless and misleading. Unless Proposition 227 is overturned by California voters, the educational law is expected to exert its legal power in oppressing bilingualism and bilingual education that have been appraised as beneficial to the education of ethnic minority students in the state.

This paper was focused on the pressing issues of the U.S. correctional system. The outlines of the paper is as follows: Chap. 1. Introduction, Chap. 2. The Development of Corrections in the U.S., Chap. 3. The Organization of Corrections in the U.S., Chap. 4. Issues in the U.S. Corrections, Chap. 5. Concluding Remarks. The findings can be summarized as follows: From the colonial days to the present in the United States of America, the methods of criminal sanctions that are considered appropriate have varied. The development of the penitentiary brought a shift from corporal punishment. The Pennsylvania and New York systems were competing approaches to implementing the ideas of the penitentiary. The Declaration of Principles of 1870 contained the key element for the reformatory and rehabilitation models of corrections. The administration of corrections in the United States is fragmented in that various levels of government are involved. Jails, which are administered by local government, hold persons awaiting trial as well as sentenced offenders. Prison populations have more than doubled during the past decade. There has also been a great increase in facilties and staff to administer them.

This article traces the process in which gender-specific approach was emerged to rehabilitate female offenders in the United States and introduces a few promising gender specific programs for female juvenile delinquents. Gender-specific services refer according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention(OJJDP) the correctional services that are designed to meet the unque needs of female offenders; that value the female perspective; that celebrate and honor the female experience; that respect and take into account female development; that empower girls and young women to reach their full potential; and that work to change established attitudes that prevent or discourage girls and young women from reaching their potential. The emergence of the gender-specific approach can be explained by two factors. empirically, female offenders, especially female delinquents, have been one of the fastest growing criminal population since the 1900s. Correctional personnel recognised the role of gender-sensitive correctional programming to curtail the size of female delinquent population. They realized many current services for juveniles are aimed at the rehabilitation and education of male delinquents. Second, many criminological research based on feminist perspective have found that female offenders are quite different from male offenders in various ways; girls are incarcerated for status offenses that boys; girls develop self-esteem and female identity differently; girls are pressured to conform the traditional gender roles and the gender stereotyping plays a central role in creating female delinquents; girls have gender unique problems such as physical, sexual abuse, domestic violence and adolescent pregnancy. The combination of these two trends resulted in the amendment of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, in which states should review the issue of gender bias in the current juvenile correctional programs before receiving federal

This article describes the major themes to change in historical and philosophical perspectives of science education that lead the US and Korean science curriculum reform movements since 1957. Inquiry teaching and criticism of teaching science as inquiry in the late 1950s and the 1960s, Science-Technology-Society (STS) Curricula, and Science Literacy and the 1980s science literacy crisis are discussed. In the US, three major curricular projects as responses to the scientific literacy crisis are exemplary such as the Project 2061 sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Project on Scope, Sequence, and Coordination (SS&C) initiated by the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), and the National Science Education Standards (NSES) published by the National Research Council. To identify how each set of national content standards differ, we compared specific content standards related to the theory of plate tectonics in Earth and Space science in grades 9-12 over the three national standards: Benchmarks of AAAS, NSES of the NRC, and SS&C of the NSTA. Against this historical background of the US science education reform movements, the curriculum reform movements in Korea is briefly discussed. In general, Korean science curriculum reform movements have reflected and resembled the recommendations of the US reform movements. In addition, it is important to note that throughout the history of curriculum revision in Korea, there have been continuing pendulum swings between a theoretical, discipline-centered curriculum and a liberal, humanistic, and student-centered curriculum, which pays more attention to students in terms of their interest and psychological preparedness. In conclusion, the sixth and seventh national science curriculum revisions reflect rather a student-centered movement by reducing technical and sophisticated topics, taking constructivism learning theory into consideration, and adding more STS related topics.

한·미 문화간 비교를 통하여 직물의 소리와 촉감이 주관적 감각에 미치는 영향을 고찰하고자 한국인과 미국인 각각 30명을 대상으로 의미분별척도에 의하여 서로 다른 8개 직물 소리의 주관적 감각(부드러움, 시끄러움, 유쾌함, 날카로움, 맑음, 거친, 높음)과 촉감의 주관적 감각 (딱딱함, 매끄러움, 성김, 시원함, 유연함, 까실거림, 무게, 두께)을 측정하였다. 직물 소리의 파라미터로 LPT(level pressure of total sound)와 Δf (frequency differences)를 계산하고, KES (Kawabata Evaluation System)을 이용하여 직물의 역학적 성질을 측정하였다. 직물의 소리에 대하여 ‘부드러움’의 점수가 높고 ‘시끄러움’과 ‘날카로움’, ‘거침’의 점수가 낮은 직물들이 주관적으로 유쾌하게 느껴지는 것으로 나타났다. 직물에 따른 소리의 시끄러움과 날카로움, 높음에 대한 주관적 감각은 한·미 간에 유사한 경향을 보였으나, 한국인은 미국인보다 모직물의 소리에 대하여 ‘부드러움’과 ‘유쾌함’의 점수가 높고, ‘거침’의 점수가 낮았으며, ‘맑음’에 대한 직물별 점수가 다양하였다. 직물의 촉감은 직물에 따른 차이가 더 다양하게 나타났다. ‘딱딱함’과 ‘매끄러움’의 직물 별 감각은 한 ·미 간에 유사한 경향을 보였는데, 한국인은 대체로 미국인보다 ‘성금’과 ‘까실거림’을 낮게, ‘시원함’을 높게 평가하였다. 직물 소리의 파라미터인 LPT와 ΔL이 양국인의 소리 감각에 영향을 미쳤는데, 한국인의 감각은 주로 LPT가, 미국인의 감각은 LPT와 ΔL이 함께 영향을 미치는 회귀식이 성립하였다. 촉감에서 ‘딱딱함’과 ‘매끄러움’, ‘유연함’, ‘까실거림’에 한·미 모두 표면 거칠기가 영향을 미쳤는데, 한국인의 촉감에 대한 회귀식이 더 많이 성립하였고 R2가 높게 나타났다.

Although recently vigorous studies on environmental crime have contribute criminal respects to be advanced in our country, most of them are focused on German discussions about the theory of environmental crime or environmental criminal law. As each countries in criminal legislation for environmental protection have some distinctive characteristics not found in others, the study which is more helpful to regulate environmental crime can be extend to other country in the view of comparative law. Thus this Article overviews especially the environmental criminal enforcement program involving civil and administrative enforcement in the United States. Notwithstanding that enforcement is an evolving phenomenon that only recently appeared on the scene, there is widespread public support for it. Once viewed as mere economic or regulatory offence lacking an element of moral delict, environmental crimes now provoke moral outrage and prompt demands for severe sanction and strict enforcement. Many major provisions of modem environmental acts that imposed criminal liability have been added or significantly restructured during the last decade. Notable among them are the imposition of the felony penalties for federal environmental crimes and the enactment of the endangerment crime in federal environmental law. This Article approaches the characteristics of environmental criminal enforcement form introducing major federal environmental acts. It develops the result that, considering the difference that exist between Korea and United States in environmental criminal law, our proper environmental regulatory framework can be constituted.

Foodborne diseases are serious problems throughout the world, because new pathogens have emerged. Nowadays many students eat school lunch provided by school lunch program. They are threatened by pathogens transmitted by foods. Many school children became victims of foodborne diseases. Most foodborne outbreaks were caused by mishandling foods at food service establishments. Temperature control is the most critical point of keeping the foods safe. In order to prevent foodborne diseases in schools, the managers in charge of school lunch program and officials in charge of food safety of local health department try to make sure that foods are out of danger zone of temperature. Prevention of cross contamination, and sanitization of raw foods and utensils are also emphasized by school lunch program managers and health officials.