한국어 높임 표현은 외국인학생들이 습득하기 매우 어려워 하는 표현 중 하나이다. 잘못 사용할 경우 한국인 청자에게 무례함 내지는 불쾌감을 불러일으킬 수 있다는 점에서 볼 때 정확한 교육이 필요하며 한국어 교육에서 꼭 다루어야 할 중요한 주제이다. 본고에서는 먼저 한국어 교육에서 높임 표현에 대한 앞선 연구들을 살펴본 후 화용론에서의 이론적 배경과 높임 표현 분류를 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 본 연구의 기틀을 마련하고자 한다. 실제 교실에서 한국어 수업을 전사한 내용을 토대로 한국어 교사와 학습자들의 높임 표현 사용 양상을 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고 교실에서 교사가 높임 표현을 발화할 때의 정확성과 그 사용 빈도가 학습자들에게 어떤 영향이 미치는지도 밝히고자 한다. 본 연구 마지막 부분에서 예상과 반대로 나타나는 분석 결과의 원인도 밝혔다. 그리고 본 연구의 한계점도 제시하였다.

Cold stress, which includes chilling (<20℃) and/or freezing (<0℃) temperatures, adversely affects the growth and development of plants and significantly constraints the spatial distribution of plants and agricultural productivity. Cold signal in plants is transmitted to activate C-repeat/drought-responsive elements-binding factor (CBF)-dependent and independent transcriptional pathway. In Arabidopsis, cold-regulated genes have been estimated to constitute ~4% to 20% of the genome. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis), like Arabidopsis, is a member of the Cruciferae family. With expectation that Chinese cabbage has similar cold-responding process as Arabidopsis, transcriptome profiles were examined in two comparable DH lines, Chiifu and Kenshin, using 24K microarray and expression of some of genes was analyzed by RT-PCR. Hundreds genes showed over two fold change upon freezing treatment, but only four genes specific for each line. Most of examined CBF-dependent and -independent pathway related genes have a similar expression patterns between Chiifu and Kenshin, except BrICE1 (inducer of CBF expression 1), MYB15, BrRAP2.1 and BrRAP2.6 (ethylene-responsive transcription factor 2.6). The BrICEL (inducer of CBF expression 1 like) showed specifically expression in Kenshin. The expression levels of vernalization related genes (BrRTV1, BrVRN5, BrVIN3L, VIP3 and VIP5) showed no difference between Chiifu and Kenshin and did not response to freezing treatment in our experiment. We will discuss more detailed expression data on poster.

Abiotic stresses such as extreme temperatures frequently limit the plant growth and productivity of major crop species. Two Chinese cabbage DH lines that have different geographic origins, in that Chiifu is from temperate regions, while Kenshin is from subtropical and tropical regions have been expected to show the specific response to high or low temperature. To find the temperature response genes between Chiifu and Kenshin, we analyzed transcriptomic profiling from light-chilling (6h at 4°C) and high temperature (6h at 38°C) treated plants using the KBGP-24K chip. Distribution of genes classified by PI (probe intensity) values showed remarkable difference between Chiifu and Kenshin. The number of genes up- and down-regulated gens by both temperatures were 135 and 79 genes, respectively. These genes may be temperature stress-related genes. Genes involved in the response to stress were changed by light-chilling stress. Chiifu specifically up-regulated genes upon light chilling-stress belong to cold acclimation proteins, calcium binding proteins, cell wall biogenesis proteins and lipoxygenase. On the other hand, Kenshin specifically up-regulated genes by heat-shock treatment include heat-shock proteins, phosphatases, protein folding and phosphorylation-associated ones. Further study on these specific genes function may provide insight to adaptation of Chinese cabbage and clue to develop molecular markers.

Ionizing radiation is known to cause chromosomal alterations such as inversions and deletions and affects gene expression within the plant genome. To monitor the genome-wide transcriptome changes by ionizing radiation, we used rice Affimetrix GeneChip microarray to identify genes that are up- or down regulated by gamma-ray (200 Gy, 60Co source), cosmic-ray and ion beam (40 Gy, 220 MeV carbon ion). The overall expression patterns between gamma-ray and ion beam were similar but cosmic-ray was regulated differently. Combined results from all 3 radiations identified 27 up-regulated genes and 188 down regulated genes. These results mean the induction of similar mechanism changes in treatments of gamma ray and ion beam. However the different expression in treatment of cosmic-ray might be due to the other environmental conditions. Among the commonly up- or down- regulated genes, we chose highly up- or down- regulated several genes and confirmed its regulation in response to ionizing radiation exposure by RT-PCR analysis. Moreover, we showed that specific co-expression networks of candidate radio marker genes by ARACNE algorithm. Our results present profiles of gene expression related to different ionizing radiation and marker gene to predict sensitivity to ionizing radiation, such as GS (glutelin subunit) and FBX322.

Gene expression profiles can serve as a valuable reference for deciphering gene functions. We exploited the potential of whole genome microarrays to measure the temporal expression profiles of rice genes in 13 stages of reproductive development. We could profile expression of 17,676 genes in at least one of the tissues. Differential expression analysis with compare to leaf and preceding stages of development revealed reproductive stage-preferential/-specific genes. we identified 35 genes expressing specifically during panicle and seed development. The metabolic/hormonal pathways and transcription factor families playing key role in reproductive development were elucidated after overlaying the expression data on the public databases and manually curated list of transcription factors, respectively. During floral meristem differentiation (P1cm) and male meiosis (P5cm), the genes involved in jasmonic acid and gebbellin biosynthesis were significantly upregulated. F11DAP stage of seed, containing enlargement organ, exhibited enrichment of transcripts involved in starch or sucrose biosynthesis. Genes regulating auxin biosynthesis were induced during early seed development. We validated the stage-specificity of regulatory regions of two panicle-specific genes, AK072471, Os08g0538700, and AK121412, an early seed-specific gene, in transgenic rice. The data generated here provides a snapshot of the underlying complexity of the gene networks regulating rice reproductive development.

We investigated the expression patterns of a granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI = Waxy) gene at different developmental stages of storage and non-storage organs in Amaranthus cruentus. GBSSI transcripts were strongly expressed in the middle and mid-late stages of seed development and thereafter expression decreased. In addition, this gene was expressed in all non-storage organs tested (the leaf, stem, petiole and root) and showed a tendency to increase during plant development. Therefore, our results indicate that the amaranth GBSSI gene exhibits late expression in the perisperm, and that it is expressed in both storage and non-storage tissues. We also investigated the genetic diversity of GBSSI among 37 strains of amaranth grains originating from New World. A comparison of the GBSSI coding sequence revealed an extremely high level of sequence conservation, and a single nucleotide polymorphism between the sequences of non-waxy (Type I) and waxy (Type II) phenotypes was detected. This indicates that a G–T polymorphism in exon 10 (a nonsense mutation) was a unique event in the evolution of the GBSSI gene in amaranth grains.

Wheat is the third largest crop in the world behind corn and rice. Wheat is grown over a wide range of environments, and an essential source of carbohydrates. However, the genomics of wheat, a non-model species, is still challenging despite of corn and rice was done. The recent advent of RNA-Sequencing, a massively parallel sequencing method for genome and transcriptome analysis, provides opportunity to identify gene discovery and molecular mechanisms of cellular processes. We performed a RNA-Seq experiment to find differentially expressed genes under high temperature condition. More than 344 million shot reads were generated using Illumina HiSeq technology. A comprehensive and integrated 285,324 transcripts were assembled via Trinity by combining tentative consensus sequences. Transcripts annotated by BLAST2Go and differently expressed transcripts were analyzed. A total of 208 up-regulated and 182 down-regulated transcripts were found that involve in plastid, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism and glycerolipid and dicarboxylate metabolism. Our results demonstrate that RNA-Seq can be successfully used for gene identification, transcript profiling in wheat. Furthermore these sequences will provide valuable resources for wheat researchers.

Limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase (LUGT)는 리모노이드에 포도당을 붙여줌으로써 궁극적으로 감귤에서 발생하는 limonoid bitterness를 제거해 주는 효소이다. 본 연구에서는 10종의 제주산 감귤로부터 LUGT유전자를 PCR 클로닝하고 그 염기서열을 비교했다. 실험에 사용한 모든 종에서 카르복실기 말단에 식물 당전달 효소에서 발견되는 전형적인 아미노산 서열인 p1ant secondary product glyco

정세관은 매우 복잡한 조직으로 마우스의 정자 발생 과정은 12단계로 구성되어 있다. Glutathione peroxidase(GPx)는 glutathione을 이용하여 과산화물(hydroperoxide)을 환원시키는 대표적인 항산화효소로서 포유류 정자 발생 과정에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 laser capture microdissection(LCM)을 이용하여 마우스 정소에서 발생 단계별로 정세관을 채취하여 real-time PCR로

MYB proteins are a superfamily of transcription factors (TF) that play regulatory roles in developmental processes and resistance mechanism in plants. We identified 130 and 109 genes in the MYB superfamily from an analysis of the complete Arabidopsis and rice genome sequence. Although microarray based transcriptome analysis approach allows the investigation of the biological networks of MYB TF in DNA level, the underling mechanisms related to their functional role is not fully understood. In this work, we performed meta-analysis of public microarray data that analyzed with Arabidopsis and rice using co-expression analysis. A phylogenetic comparison of the members of this superfamily were performed with Sorghum bicolour to suggested that MYB super family underwent a rapid expansion their evolutionary times. We identified conserved expression pairs which play important role in transcription. Our comprehensive analysis of this huge transcription factor of Arabidopsis and rice may shed further light on the possible biological roles of the MYB TF in various plants.