Six Sigma is a philosophy and systematic methodology for quality improvement. It encourages continuous quality improvement efforts to achieve the ideal goal of 6σ. Sigma(σ) is a statistic representing the standard deviation of the normal distribution, and 6σ level means a level where the tolerance of the specification is six times the standard deviation of the process distribution. In terms of the defective rate, the 6σ level achieves the 0.002 defectives per one million units. However, in the field, the 6σ level is used in the sense of achieving 3.4 defects per one million opportunities, which shows a large gap from the 6σ level in the statistical viewpoint. This is because field practitioners accept a 1.5σ shift of the mean of process when calculating the defective rate under sigma level. It said that the acceptance of 1.5σ shift of the mean is from experience, but there is no research or theoretical explanation to support it logically. Although it is a non-scientific explanation based on experience, considering that there has been no objection to the 1.5σ shift for a long time and it is rather accepted, it is judged that there is a reasonable basis for the 1.5σ shift. Therefore, this study tries to find a reasonable explanation through detective power of control chart via the run-rules to the 1.5σ shift empirically recognized by practitioners.

에베소서 6장 15절은 주로 ‘복음전도와 영혼구원’으로 환원되어진 교회의 선교 이해를 지탱하는 본문으로 여겨지는 경향이 있다. 하지만 구약성서의 11가지 용례에서 발견할 수 있듯이, 에베소서 6장 15절 ‘헤토이마시아’ 해석을 위해서는 (1) 하나님의 백성을 위해 제공하는 포괄적인 신적 예비라는 점, (2) 이 명사에 전제된 ‘하나님의 준비하심’이 근원적으로 고려되어야 하되, 그 ‘준비’의 의미는 능동이기보다는 수동 적 의미(what is prepared)로 제한되어야 한다는 점이 고려되어야 한다. 에베소서 6장 15절에 암시된 이사야 52장 7절은 ‘평화의 복음 선포자’ 모티프를 강조하는 듯 보이지만, (1) 에베소서 기자가 하나님의 전신갑주 모티프를 차용하게 하는 이사야서의 ‘신적-전사’로서의 야훼 모티프가 양 본문 사이의 진정한 평행이며, (2) ‘헤토이마시아’ 명사는 이 모티프의 내용/구조와 매우 유사한 본문인 나훔 2장 1-4절에 나타나 며 이 명사는 ‘신적예비하심의 결과물’로 해석된다는 점이 더욱 신중히 고려되어야 한다.이러한 고려점들은 에베소서 6장 15절의 ‘헤토이마시아’를 (1) ‘예수 그리스도 안에서, 평화의 복음을 통하여, 하나님이 친히 싸우신 싸움, 하나님이 이기신 그 승리가 하나님의 백성을 위해 가능하게 한 모든 ‘현실’(reality)을 지시하는 말이며, (2) 하나님께서 자기 백성을 그 남은 싸움에 참여하게 하심으로 그 백성들이 누리는 동일한 ‘현실’이 지속적으로 발생되기를 열망하시는 모든 ‘현장’을 지시하는 말로 읽을 것을 요청한다. 본문의 이러한 독법은 복음전도와 영혼구원으로 환원되 어진 교회의 선교이해를 교정하고 더 포괄적인 하나님의 선교를 위해 교회 안팎의 모든 현장으로 보냄 받은 영적전사들의 공동체라는 교회의 선교적 정체성에 대한 새로운 이해를 가질 수 있게 한다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of W substitution on the precipitation behavior of χ and σ phases in super duplex stainless steel. The χ phase was precipitated at the interface of ferrite / austenite phases and inside the ferrite phase at the initial stage of aging. With an increase in the aging time, the volume fraction of the χ phase increased, and then decreased with the transformation from the χ phase to the σ phase. The σ phase was precipitated later than the χ phase, and the volume fraction of x phase increased with the increase in the aging time. The ferrite phase was decomposed into the new austenite (γ2) and σ phases by aging treatment. The decomposition of the ferrite phase into the γ2 and σ phases was retarded by W substitution for Mo. The volume fraction of the χ phase increased and that of the σ phase decreased due to W substitution. The χ and σ phases were intermetallic compounds, which had lower nickel concentration, and higher chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten concentrations. The χ phase has higher molybdenum and tungsten concentrations than those of the σ phase. The amounts of chromium and nickel in the χ and σ phases did not change, but these phases have higher concentrations of molybdenum and tungsten due to W substitution for Mo.

We report the detection of an exoplanet candidate in orbit around σ Persei from a radial velocity (RV) survey. The system exhibits periodic RV variations of 579.8 ± 2.4 days. The purpose of the survey is to search for low-amplitude and long-period RV variations in giants and examine the origin of the variations using the fiber-fed Bohyunsan Observatory Echelle Spectrograph installed at the 1.8- m telescope of Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory in Korea. We present high-accuracy RV measurements of σ Per made from December 2003 to January 2014. We argue that the RV variations are not related to the surface inhomogeneities but instead a Keplerian motion of the planetary companion is the most likely explanation. Assuming a stellar mass of 2.25 ± 0.5 M⊙, we obtain a minimum planetary companion mass of 6.5 ± 1.0 MJup, with an orbital semi-major axis of 1.8 ± 0.1 AU, and an eccentricity of 0.3 ± 0.1 around σ Per.

Biological organisms require iron for optimal metabolism. Intracellular pathogens also must secure iron especially during infection of animal hosts expressing NRAMP(natural resistance-associated macrophage protein), a transporter protein sequestering metal ions from pathogens. This study shows that extracytoplasmic function sigma factor σE is required for Salmonella virulence in NRAMP1-expressing mice, and further shows that iron deprivation turns on σE expression of Salmonella. The virulence of σE -deficient Salmonella is completely attenuated in C3H/HeN mice while wild type Salmonella kills all mice. Addition of an iron-chelator DTPA(Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) to culture media induces σE expression of Salmonella, but iron supplementation abrogates this induction. These findings suggest that iron limitation in host macrophages can trigger σE -dependent virulence system of Salmonella that may include bacterial iron homeostasis.

σ-VFe 금속간화합물에 대한 기계적 합금화(MA) 효과를 중성자 및 X선 회절법으로 조사하였다. MA 분말의 구조분석은 X선 회절(Cu-Kα) 린 중성자회절(HRPD, λ=1.835Å)을 이용하여 행하였다. σ-VFe화합물의 MA시 큰 구조변화가 관찰되었으며, MA 60시간의 경우 Fe-Fe 훤자분포는 unit cell에 30개의 원자를 포함하고 있는 σ상의 tetragonal구조에서 120˚C이상에서 안정하게 존재하는 α-(V,Fe) 고용체의 bcc 구조로 상변화함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 α-VFe 화합물에 대한 중성자 및 X선 회절패턴의 비교분석을 행하였으며 그 결과 σ상이 가지는 화학적 규칙성에 기인하는 (101)과 (111) 회절 피크가 중성자 회절에서 뚜렷하게 관찰됨을 알 수 있었다.

In Hinsicht auf die patristische Auslegungen über die vierte Brotbitte im Herrengebet(Mt. 6.11; Lk. 11.3) wurden uns zwei unterschiedliche Auslegungsrichtungen, nömlich spiritualisch und materialisch, überliefert. Unter “dem äglichen Brot(o ∈`π ι o α` p)” verstehen nicht nur Tertullianus, sondern auch Origenes als Christus, der “das vom Himmel herabkommende wahre Brot”(Jo. 6.32) oder “das Brot des Lebens”(Jo. 6.35) ist. In der Forderung Jesu, dass wir sein Reich und seine Gerechtigkeit beten sollen(Mt. 6.33), findet Tertullianus den Grund seiner exegetischen Richtung. Origenes, der darüber etymologisch am tiefsten erörtert, haben auch seinerseits mindestens zwei Gründe: erstens, Jesus erfordert uns, etwas Himmliches und Grösseres zu beten(Proöm. peri euches); zweitens, er leitet “∈`π ι o(täglich)” etymologisch von “∈πι την ouσιαν” aus, indem er “ouσια” als “notwendig” vesteht. Also "ό έπιουσιος 'άρτος” ist für ihn “das mit Wesen verbundene Brot”. Die biblich und etymologisch grundlegende Interpretation von Origenes wurde auf die “spiritual-erbauliche” Auslegungstendenz der folgenden Generationen ausgeübt. Im Gegenteil davon sehen darin Gregorios von Nyssa und Johannes Chrysostomos einfach materiales, reales Brot, weil Menschen, natürlich nicht Engel, unter Hunger leiden können und darum etwas zum Essen jeden Tag brauchen müssen. Aber dies Brot ist uns nicht preislos gegeben, sondern man soll es erwerben, insbesondere für Gregorios, als Lohn der fleissigen Arbeit(Gen. 3.19). Uns gibt es also der himmliche Vater, das daher das gerechtige Brot ist. Die Bedeutung der Gregorios’ Exegese ist schliesslich folgenschwer, besonders für das Thema “Reictum und Armut”. Die Unterschiedlichkeit beider Positionen könnten aus der zeitlichen Situations-veränderung zwischen dem 3. und 4. Jahundert, oder aus sozial-wirtlschaflich unterschiedlichem Hintergrund in Nordafrika und Asia Minor, oder aus der individuell theologischen Richtungen.