이 논문은 『매의 우물에서』와 『이머의 유일한 질투』가 어떻게 예이츠 자신의 독특한 영성에 대한 생각을 문화적 민족주의와 결합시키는지를 보여준다. 두 극은 쿠훌린을 주제로 사용함으로써 강렬한 감정을 불러일으키고, 이를 통해 민족의식을 불러일으키고 있다. 그 중 첫 번째 작품인 『매의 우물에서』는 쿠훌린이 영생의 샘물을 찾아나선 젊은이로 등장한다. 그러나 쿠훌린은 결국 샘물을 얻지 못하고 떠난다. 두 번째 작품인 『이머의 유일한 질투』는 그보다 훨씬 이후의 이야기를 다루고 있는데, 극에서 쿠훌린은 아들을 제 손으로 죽인 후 미쳐서 파도와 싸운 후 의식을 잃은 모습으로 등장한다. 그 다음으로, 논문에서는 두 극에 영향을 주었다고 생각되는 노 극 『요로』 (養老)와 『아우이노우에』(葵上)에 대한 논의를 통하여 예이츠가 어떻게 노 극의 전통을 따르면서도 동시에 변형시키는지에 대하여 알아본다.

예이츠의 일본의 노드라마와의 조우는 1916년『매의 우물』을 쓰게 하는데, 이 작품에서 그는 시극에서 직면한 여러 문제와 자신의 시적 문화주의의 애매한 표현에 대한 해결책을 찾는다. 노드라마를 그대로 재현하는 대신에 예이츠는 대중적 연극개념에 반대한 자신의 미학적, 정치적 이상을 담아 재창조한다. 예술적으로, 예이트는 “극의 형식을 발명”해내는데, 이 형식은 반연극적, 반사실주의적 화법을 실행할 뿐 아니라, 일반대중을 포용하기를 거부하는 친밀한 극을 만든다. 정치적으로, 예이츠의 시적문화주의는 노에 영감을 받은 극에 적합한 신비주의철학과 결합한다. 시극은 이미지의 집중이 애국심을 불러일으키는 강력한 의식이어야 한다고 예이츠는 생각했다. 그러나 이런 공연 리추얼이 야기하는 주술적 상태는 부정적 양상을 초래한다. 매의 우물에서, 쿠훌린의 마지막 영웅적 행위는 자신의 선택이 아니라 주술의 결과이다. 이렇게 이 극은 초기극『캐스린 니 훌리한』에서 보이는 문화적 주술의 시학으로서의 문화주의의 지속성에 우리의 관심을 끌게 한다.

이 연구는 『매의 우물에서‏‎』에 예이츠의 극작품의 특징과 노극의 요소가 어떻게 재현되어 있는지를 분석한다. 더 나아가 이 연구는 예이츠의 극작품과 노극과 의 차이점을 분별하면서 지혜의 추구에 대한 그의 열망을 규명한다. 그는 노극을 접한 이후에 초기 극작품들과 아주 다른 새로운 극작품을 창작한다. 그의 극작품은 노극의 기본원리를 이용하였으나 아일랜드의 전설적인 영웅들을 작품에 등장시켜서 아일랜드 문학의 세계화를 창조한다. 더욱이 그는 쿠헐런과 같은 아일랜드 영웅들을 『매의 우물 에서』에 등장시켜서 소포클레스와 셰익스피어의 전통을 이어받는 세계적인 극작가로 탄생한다. 요컨대 그는 그의 극작품을 통해서 현대를 살아가는 우리들에게 문화의 중 요성을 끊임없이 자각하여, 삶의 지혜로 활용하도록 하고 있다

The larch hawk moth, Sphinx morio, belongs to the lepidopteran family Sphingidae that has long been studied as a family of model insects in a diverse field. In this study, we describe the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences of the species in terms of general genomic features and characteristic short repetitive sequences found in the A+T-rich region. The 15,299-bp long genome consisted of a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes) and one major non-coding A+T-rich region, with the typical arrangement found in Lepidoptera. The 316-bp long A+T-rich region located between srRNA and tRNAMet harbored the conserved sequence blocks that are typically found in lepidopteran insects. Additionally, the A+T-rich region of S. morio contained three characteristic repeat sequences that are rarely found in Lepidoptera: two identical 12-bp repeat, three identical 5-bp long tandem repeat, and six nearly identical 5~6 bp long repeat sequences.

Yeats looked into the past and prophesied the future and dreamed a unified Irish society that could then resist English oppression. He adopted the language of the oppressor to manufacture or invent a cultural space, and used that cultural space to find a voice with which to critique the oppressive culture. He used his literary works, like "The Hawk," to set free his colonized homeland. Also new literary forms of expression came to be known as modernism in literature and included the expression of such feelings as discontinuity, ambiguity, and fragmentation. This was the world milieu in which Yeats wrote. And he saw how to use words as weapons turned against the colonizer and how to use words to discover Ireland. At the same time that he was implicated in Anglo-Irish colonialism, he also developed a system of symbols that he believed explained cycles of history and would transcend contemporary quarrels. Yeats also persistently used and interacted with Irish political and historical leaders. He names many of the political figures in much of his writing and uses historical events as subjects. Not only does his writing overtly interact with historical figures; in at least some of his poetry, Yeats makes subtle allusions to Irish leaders of the past. "The Hawk" may be a poem about a real individual, but one who is never named at all; this poem provides an example of art that, upon closer inspection, serves politics. The poem not only shows the political relationship between the Fenians and the English government, but it also introduces an element of the mystical; as Yeats uses the hawk as a symbol of the Fenian resistance in the poem to illuminate the political situation. He makes the Hawk of the Fenian movement into the hawk of the poem, he certainly presents the reader with a striking parallel; and he binds together history, politics, culture, spirituality, and poetry into the configuration of his famous interpenetrating gyres.

Yeats held a life-long interest in Japanese culture, and employed the images, knowledge and inspiration he gained from Japan in many of his literary works. On the whole, it was the Japanese literary form that was most significant in his development as a writer. It was through the translations of Ezra Pound and Ernest Fenollosa that Yeats became acquainted with Noh, the medieval Japanese drama. It is generally agreed that Yeats’s encounter with Noh marked a turning point in his career as a dramatist. The Noh led him to create “a form of drama, distinguished, indirect and symbolic...an aristocratic form.” In “Note to At the Hawk’s Well,” Yeats writes: I have found my first model—and in literature, if we would not be parvenus, we must have a model—in the ‘Noh’ stage of aristocratic Japan. From this statement, we can see how significant the Noh-form was to Yeats in his development as a playwright. When Yeats was first introduced to Noh, he immediately perceived affinities with Irish legends and beliefs. The Noh was not something completely new or alien to Yeats. It was the discovery of an ideal, an ideal form for him to express his perennial themes of the tension between the physical and spiritual worlds. Yeats’s Noh-inspired plays are often categorized as “dance plays” and we can see that “dance” was an important symbol which Yeats developed through his experience with Noh. Yeats wrote in his “Introduction” to Certain Noble Plays of Japan that it was a Japanese dancer, Ito Michio, who inspired him to write his new play, At the Hawk’s Well (1916). In Noh, the dance which is usually danced by a supernatural figure, is placed at the centre. Here, the supernatural dominates the stage and the action develops toward a moment of enlightenment. Yeats precisely points out this fact and writes that in his new play, instead of “the players working themselves into a violence of passion...the music, beauty of form and voice all come to climax in pantomimic dance.” However, since Yeats intended Cuchulain as the central figure of At the Hawk’s Well, the theatrical effect of the dance had to differ from that of Noh. Another characteristic of this play is that it dramatizes the ‘transformation’ of the Guardian of the Well, the role which Ito Michio played, through spirit possession. This change in personality is conveyed by means of a change in costume(she throws off her cloak to reveal a dress suggesting a hawk). This is a method resembling ‘monogi(物着),’ one of the most important dramatic conventions of Noh. Yeats explores this device again, in The Only Jealousy of Emer(1919), another dance play modeled on Noh, but this time using different masks to show the change in personality. Yeats’s interest in this motif of spirit possession eventually led him to write The Words Upon the Window-Pane(1930), a play where he dramatizes a seancē. Here, the dramatic tension is concentrated mainly on a supernatural manifestation through the ‘protagonist’ who is a professional spiritual medium. In this paper, I have discussed Yeats’s relationship with Noh through a detailed analysis of At the Hawk’s Well. In this play, we can see many aspects of Noh. The simplified stage, the musicians, the mask, the dance, the use of a square blue cloth to represent a well; these are characteristics reminiscent of Noh. However, we must note that this play was not merely an imitation of Noh but a completely new form of creative writing. Richard Taylor indicates the influence of Yoro, a felicitous Waki-noh, or God Play on this play. A comparison of these two plays reveal that Yeats had no intention of following the Noh paradigms faithfully. However, the inspiration he gained from Noh opened a wide range of dramatic experiments enabling him to write a sequence of dance plays. In later plays such as The Words Upon the Window-Pane and Purgatory, Yeats succeeded in achieving a dramatic effect closer to that of Noh.