괴목(槐木)으로 지칭되고 있는 회화나무와 느티나무의 노거목 생육실태를 파악함으로써 회화나 무와 느티나무의 잔존실태를 파악하는 한편 문화변용(文化變容)의 근거를 추론할 수 있는 자료 축적을 도모하고자 한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2025년 5월 현재, 천연기념물로 지정된 느티 나무와 회화나무는 20건(4.1%): 6건(1.2%)이다. 보호수 지정 비율은 52.2% : 2.6%로 느티나무 의 비율이 회화나무에 비해 월등히 높은데 그 요인으로는 노거수로서의 성장 가능성, 환경 적응성, 수급 가능성 등으로 추정된다. 둘째, 보호수로 지정된 7,258개체의 느티나무는 전남에 2,131개체 (29.4%)로 가장 많은 개체가 자라고 있으며 충남(16.5%), 경북(14.4%) 등의 순으로 나타났다. 한편 회화나무 보호수 367개체 중 경북과 대구에 총 202개체(55.0%)가 월등히 높게 생존하고 있는 바 특히 한국 정신문화의 수도로까지 일컬어지는 경북 안동지역에는 16그루의 회화나무가 보호수로 지정되어 있어 이채롭다. 셋째, 보호수 회화나무와 느티나무의 평균 수령과 수고 비교 결과 거의 대등한 것으로 나타났으나 평균 흉고 둘레는 436.6㎝ : 352.8㎝로 느티나무의 부피생장이 월등하였다. 따라서 느티나무가 회화나무에 비해 부피 생장력(生長力)은 큰 것으로 확인되었 다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 추정해 볼 때 전반적으로 느티나무는 회화나무에 비해 거목으로 성장 가능성은 높지만, 노목으로 장수한다는 설명은 성립되지 않았다.

This study investigates the use of cohesive devices in the corpus of Korean college students’ compositions. In particular, it attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the lexico-grammatical contexts in which cohesive referential devices are employed in argumentative essays. For this purpose, a Korean EFL corpus and a native speaker corpus were analyzed based on Gray’s (2010) coding scheme. The coding scheme included variables such as the place and unit of the antecedent, the grammatical role and place of demonstratives, and their preceding or following structures. The results of the analysis showed that Korean EFL learners and native writers were similar in that they tended to use demonstrative pronouns as a subject and demonstrative determiners as objects/complements. Besides this general tendency, non-prototypical uses of the determiners were observed. The learners’ corpus manifested an overuse of an extended antecedent which could reduce the clarity of meaning. The most frequent verb following demonstrative pronouns was the copula (i.e., be) in both corpora. Finally, the learners tended to use a much smaller number of abstract/shell nouns than their native speaker counterparts.

Lee, Phil-young & Kim, Tae-kyung. 2018. “Aspects and Problems in the Contemporary Use of Address Terms and Reference Terms within a Family”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(1). 277~309. This paper investigates the use of address terms and reference terms within a family. This study was conducted based on the questionnaire result targeting 4,000 people in 17 administrative areas across the country. Our research focused on investigating whether the use of terms that has been recommended in <The Standard Manners of Language Use>(2011) corresponded to the actual use in Korean contemporary language life and determining how to resolve potential problems caused by inappropriate use of the terms. The result of current study revealed that there were a number of differences between the suggested terms in <The Standard Manners of Language Use>(2011) and the actual use of the terms in contemporary Korean. The difficulty in the use of address terms and reference terms within a family was largely due to its complicate system of kinship terms and the social change from patriarchal society. This study also reveals that sexually discriminated titles for husband's and wife's family need to be reformed to avoid potential problems.

Terms Found in the Prayers of Protestantism and Buddhism. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). This study, on the basis of 200 prayers of Protestantism and Buddhism, examines address and reference terms for the objects of worship that are observed in each religion. The goals of this research were to investigate 1) what are the types of address and reference terms used in Protestant and Buddhist prayers, 2) whether the differences between the two religions in the address and reference terms derive from distinct philosophical or doctrinal background. Buddhist prayers were analyzed as using more various address terms for the objects of worship than Protestant prayers. Kinship address terms were used in a higher rate than in Protestant prayers, while the egalitarian type of address and reference terms were observed in Buddhist prayers alone. The latter difference is suggested by the researcher as originating from a disparity between the two religions in the relationship of worshipper and worshipped. In addition, style differences were observed between the two religions; in particular, vocative postpositions were significantly more frequently used in Buddhist prayers, giving exclamatory impressionistic effects to the prayers. Finally, whereas similar numbers of address and reference terms for the objects of worship were found in Buddhist prayers, more than thrice as many reference terms were observed as address terms in Protestant prayers, which reflects the Protestant worshippers' effort to interact continuously with the diety during the prayer. Some linguistic and sociolinguistic implications of the results are also discussed. (232 words)

Hyo Chang Hong. 2001. Referring Expressions of Late Old English: Discourse Functional Analysis of Apollonius of Tyre. Studies in Modern Grammar 25, 55-73. Old English referring expressions have mostly been dealt with in their sentence-internal grammatical functions. In this paper, I claim that, in addition to their case-marking functions, these referring expressions also played an important discourse-functional role in the development of Late Old English narratives. In particular, it is shown that Old English determiners sum and an, in conjunction with zero article, were major factors that determined the relative importance of the entities introduced by them.