Parking lots are environments in which various types of vehicles such as passenger cars, trucks, and personal mobility (PM) devices coexist. Despite numerous studies analyzing parking lot crash characteristics, PM devices have received limited attention. Analyzing parking lot crash characteristics involving PMs is essential, given that the market penetration rate of PM is increasing. This study quantitatively analyzed the severity characteristics of vehicle-to-PM crashes in parking lots by aggregating the number of crashes and identified factors influencing crash severity through the development of an ordered probit model. According to the quantitative analysis results, PM users experienced a higher crash severity owing to insufficient personal protective equipment. Additionally, crashes involving parked or illegally parked PMs tended to have a lower severity than those involving PMs being ridden. The developed crash severity model identified several key factors, including crashes related to illegally parked vehicles, crashes in which a vehicle was at fault for a collision with a parked PM, cases in which the vehicle type of the at-fault driver was a passenger car, and cases in which the at-fault driver was a female. A higher probability of property damage crashes, rather than injury or fatal crashes, was observed in cases involving parked or illegally parked PMs owing to lower relative speeds. Passenger cars generally have shorter braking distances than trucks or buses, allowing quicker responses to sudden situations. A female at-fault driver may experience longer perception–reaction times, potentially increasing the probability of injury or fatal crashes. The findings of this study can provide foundational data for revising ordinances or laws to enhance parking lot safety or preliminary data for developing parking lot management systems. Furthermore, the identified crash severity factors can be prioritized to develop effective measures for crash prevention and severity reduction in parking lots.

사람을 이해하는데 가장 기초가 되는 것은 사람의 뇌이다. 사람의 뇌가 어떻게 진화하고, 작동되는지를 알면 사람의 마음과 행동을 좀 더 정확하게 이해하고 효과적으로 통제할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구의 목적은 사람의 뇌에서 생각하는 인지사고특성이 학습양식에 미치는 영향에서 코칭리더십의 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 전라북도 소재 중학교 학생 277명을 대상으로 설문조사 후 AMOS 22.0을 이용하여 MSEM(다중집단 비교분석)등을 이용 하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 개인의 인지사고 특성에 따라 학습양식과 코칭 리더십에 유의한 차이가 있음을 확인하였으며, 코칭 리더십 유형에 따라 학습양식에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 개인의 인지사고특성 중 추상적사고와 학습양식과의 관계에서 코칭 리더십이 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 다음과 같은 시사점을 제시한다. 첫째, 뇌과학이 강조되는 4차 산업혁명 시대에 신경심리 기반 개인의 인지사고특성을 고려한 학습양식과 코칭 리더십의 연구는 매우 의미가 있다고 생각한다. 둘째, 개인의 인지사고특성에 따라 선호하는 학습양식이 다르고, 코칭 리더십에 유의한 차이를 미치고 있으므로 개인 인지사고특성을 고려한 학습방식과 코칭 리더십 프로그램을 개발하여 학교현장에서 적용할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

PURPOSES: The effects on traffic accidents change with the changing environment. Accordingly, this study analyzes the characteristics of traffic accidents based on the personal characteristics (gender and age) of drivers, and those of 25 autonomous districts in Seoul, and suggests improvements. METHODS: Based on data pertaining to traffic accidents in Seoul, the analysis of accident characteristics was conducted by categorizing the types of traffic accidents according to the drivers' gender and age, and characteristics of 25 autonomous districts in Seoul. Further, for statistical verification, the SPSS software was used to derive influence variables through a multinomial logistic regression analysis, and a method for reducing traffic accidents was proposed. RESULTS : Analysis results show that males tend to be more involved in speed-related accidents and females in low-experience drivingrelated accidents such as those during parking and alleyway driving. In addition, variables such as age, automobile type, district, and day of the week are found to influence accident types. CONCLUSIONS : This study analyzed the accident characteristics based on personal and city characteristics to reflect the sociological characteristics that influence traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents in Korea could be decreased drastically by implementing the results of this study in customized safety education and traffic maps.

To verify the effect of driver's personal characteristics of driver on the accident frequency through railway accidents caused by human errors and the relationship with aptitude test. To prove the relevance between the driver's personal characteristics and human error accidents. Accident data from 2010 to 2011 was analyzed which collected from a train crew department in K national corporation, and 31 drivers gave an personal interview from Sep. 2011 to Nov. 2011 who had controlled a train alone and caused an accident. Compared between driver's personal characteristics and accident rate, and accident induction possibility surveyed from normal person and disqualified in aptitude tests. Accidents was occurred with the age 40s (27%) and 50s (25%), and with the experience between 15 years and 20 years (38%) and over 20 years (30%). Because more aged, more experienced, it can be seen in the correlation between driver's age and accidents induction caused by human errors like illusion. First of all it must be checked whether working conditions and environmental factors are human error-prone. Most accidents occur when received civil complaints or manager at the riding. Therefore accidents can be prevented when investigated through subsequent surveys how often human error happens, even though no accident, and safety device installed based on the error frequency.