리더십은 영향력이다. 교회는 사회에 선한 영향력을 끼쳐야 할 존재이다. 미시적 리더십을 다룬 전통적인 리더십이론인 특성. 귀인, 행위, 상황이론과 변혁이론은 각각 한국교회의 대사회적 행동에 적절한 시사점을 알려준다. 한국의 비신자들은 교회가 자기들의 가치관과 문화가 다른 이질적인 집단으로 인식하고, 교회를 색다르게 보며, 교회에 대한 부정적인 이미지가 팽배한 상태이다. 코로나 사태를 맞이 한 한국교회가 사회에 리더십을 회복하기 위해서는 교회의 의식과 태도, 행위의 변화가 필요하다. 하나님의 일하심에 대한 인식의 변화, 선교의 개념과 범위에 대한 인식의 변화, 그리스도인이 사랑을 표현(봉 사)하는 방식과 방향에 대한 올바른 인식, 예배에 대한 포괄적 인식, 이원론적 사고의 극복, 세상을 바라보는 시각의 교정, 새로운 일상에의 적응, 그리고 사회에 신뢰를 줄 수 있는 획기적인 행동의 변화가 필요하 다. 교회는 코로나 사태를 교회와 세상을 향해 하나님께서 주신 새로운 기회로 보아야 할 것이다. 교회를 갱신할 기회, 세상을 선도해 나갈 기회, 선교할 기회이다. 코로나 사태가 인간의 자본주의적 탐욕의 결과라고 해도 교회는 이 위기를 기회로 삼아 세상에 선한 영향력을 가져야 한다.

이 연구의 목적은 선교적 리더십을 회복하기 위해 교회 리더십을 선교신학적 관점으로 분석하고 적용하고자 한다. 교회 리더십을 성경적, 신학적, 선교적 관점으로 분석하면, 성경적으로 교회 리더십은 모든 열방을 향한 보편적인 성격으로서의 선교적 의미를 담고 있고, 신학적으로 하나님 의 선교 신학은 선교의 주체가 교회가 아닌 하나님이라는 것을 재발견하게 한다. 그리고 선교적 관점에서 선교적 교회론은 교회의 선교적 본질을 다시금 깨닫게 하는데, 선교적 교회론에서 중요한 요소는 바로 선교적 리더십이다. 선교적 리더십의 적용으로서 한국교회의 실례를 들어 창조적, 통전적, 에큐메니칼, 개혁적 리더십의 특성을 이 연구는 다루고 있다. 즉, 창조주 하나님의 능력의 확장으로써의 창조적 리더십, 영혼구원과 사회적 책임을 통합하는 통전적 리더십, 더불어 살기를 지향하는 에큐메니 칼 리더십, 개혁영성을 회복하는 개혁적 리더십이다. 교회의 선교적 리더십 적용은 교회에 하나님 나라를 이루어가는 본질적 리더십의 회복의 가능성을 열어준다.

본 연구는 선교적 교회론이 도전하고 있는 “소비자 중심의 교회”를 만들어낸 산업시대 패러다임을 비평하고, 요한계시록의 어린양 리더십 을 통해 발견되는 “관계적” 리더십 신학을 제안하는데 그 목적이 있다. 선교적 교회론이 정면으로 도전하고 있는 “소비자 중심의 교회”는 그 주요한 특성인 “거래적 방식”을 통해 교회의 본질을 성공적으로 파괴해 왔다. 소비자 중심의 교회는 로스트(Joseph C. Rost)가 파악한 산업시 대 패러다임의 연장선에 있으며 그 뿌리는 요한계시록 17장의 음녀의 특성을 관통하여 이사야 14장의 “아침의 아들 계명성”(14:12)으로 상징된 루스벨(Lucifer)의 정신까지 다다른다. 루스벨과 음녀는 둘 다 거래적 방식으로 리더십을 행사 또는 확보하고 있다. 선교적 교회론이 하나의 방법론이 아니라 교회의 본질을 회복하는 것이라는 반복된 주장은 “음녀”로 상징된 타락한 교회를 향하여 “거기서 나”(계 18:4)오 라는 하늘의 외침과 일맥상통한다. 거래적 방식으로 지도력을 확보하고 힘과 권위를 행사하는 음녀의 활동은 요한계시록의 중심인 어린양의 리더십에 정면으로 대치된다. 상하계급구조(hierarchy) 속에서 더 높은 위치를 점하려는 루스벨의 태도는 기독교왕국(Christendom)으로 특징되는 교회역사의 정점마다 지도자들의 리더십을 통하여 때로는 노골적으로 때로는 교묘하게 드러났다. 그 결과 어린양의 이미지를 통해 십자가에서 계시되었던 하나님의 성품은 거래적 방식으로 우위를 점하려는 교회지도자들을 통해 심각하게 왜곡되었다. 요한계시록에 나타난 어린양의 리더십은 세속적인 리더십과 근본적으로 출발점이 다름을 보여주고 있다. 세속적 리더십 이론들이 “생산성”과 “효율성” 제고를 목표로 하고 있다면, 어린양의 리더십은 삼위일체 하나님 사이의 “관계”에 기초한 “사랑의 관계”에 기초하고 있다. 요한계시록은 관계 중심의 선교적 리더십이 하나님의 선교에 참여하는 종말론적 교회의 특징이 되어야 함을 계시한다.

이 글은 한국교회가 직면한 수직적, 위계적 리더십 구조를 극복하 기 위한 선교적 대안으로서 젠더 통합적 리더십(gender inclusive leadership)을 제안한다. 현대의 한국사회는 교육의 기회에 있어서는 남녀의 차별이 없는 것 같으나 일단 사회 속으로 진출하게 되면 심각한 성차별의 유리천장을 경험한다. 그런데 한국교회 안에서의 성차별의 문화는 사회보다 더 심각하다. 이 글은 이어서 여성의 리더십을 증진하기 위하여 리더십의 발휘에 있어서 여성과 남성이 어떻게 차이가 있는지를 조사한 연구들을 살펴보 았다. 성과 리더십의 관계를 규명하는 연구들은 1980년도부터 본격화 되었는데, 특히 여성들은 남성에 비해 더 민주적인 리더십을 발휘하는 경향이 있으며, 거래적 리더십보다는 변혁적 리더십을 발휘하는 경향이 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이런 여성적 리더십은 조직문화 안에서 보다 다양한관점을 제공하여 의사결정과정에 보다 바람직한 선택을 하도록 돕는다. 따라서 최근에는 여성들이 리더십 의사결정 과정에 참여토록 함으로써 조직문화의 효율성을 꾀하고 있다. 이런 연구에 기초하여 선교적 과제로서의 젠더 통합적 리더십의 함양을 위하여 필자는 몇 가지 방안을 제안하였다. 첫째, 젠더 통합적 리더십의 형성을 위해서 영적 리더로서 잠재력 있는 여성목회자들을 발굴하고, 여성이 리더십 지위를 수행할 수 있도록 길을 열어야 한다. 둘째, 여성 스스로의 리더십 역량의 증진을 위한 부단한 노력이 필요하 다. 셋째, 젠더 통합적 리더십의 형성을 위하여 여성들에게 필요한 또 하나의 과제는 자기연민과 수동성을 극복하는 것이다. 넷째, 여성적 리더십의 바람직한 모델을 현장의 이야기 속에서 발굴해야 하는데, 왜냐하면 이런 긍정적 여성리더의 이미지를 구축함으로 더욱 구체화되 기 때문이다. 다섯째, 기혼여성 목회자들의 목회영역의 경력단절 현상 을 극복할 수 있는 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다. 여섯째, 온전한 젠더 통합적 리더십의 형성은 남성들의 협력이 절대적으로 필요하다.

With the assumption that Christian mission should be a holistic mission that includes responsible society and with a consideration that Diakonia should be re-recognized as the original mission of the church for the holistic mission, the aim of the present thesis is to explore a directionality as a means of implementing the social service for a ministry of the proper mission through leadership. In this research, an attempt was made first to review how Diakonia has been implemented as the mission of the church in history and examine the linkage between Diakonia and the mission, and its relation to social welfare through a bibliographical study. Lastly, an analysis of leadership in nonprofit organization was carried out to apply the findings to the leadership in a Christian social welfare institution that is to realize the Diakonia. In the harmony of Kerygma that is the basic mission of the church, Koinonia of love within Christ, and Diakonia, the Diakonia should be so constituted with the mission rather than just restricted activity area of the church and should also be properly defined. As such, Diakonia cannot be thought of separately from mission, which is befitting for the ministry of the present Korean church and social mission. As for social service itself, Korean Christian church has regarded it as one of the important missions of the church but acknowledging at the same that the past record cannot be regarded as satisfactory, thereby suggesting the importance and the necessity of forming Diakonia through an institution. If this can be implemented, it is expected that it will bestow a proper view of faith for Christians by forming proper Diakonia through a social welfare institution and bring about a change to proper mission as the mission of the church. However, at a time when powerful mission is required for participating in social welfare, a necessity for more professional approach has been emphasized. At this point in time, it seems that the time has come for Korean Christian church to re-establish Diakonia as the holistic mission and for Christian workers who are participating in social welfare work to think more in depth on the future tasks with a re-thinking of the past in an effort to reveal their love for God in a changing environment. Accordingly, as a practical and efficient means to implement the Diakonia as a community life while living the present era, our focus was placed on empowerment of leadership. And for the purpose, we have introduced the leadership method of nonprofit organizations that have been growing considerably for the past several years. The reason is, partly because we have discovered many common aspects in-between church organizations and nonprofit organizations. Especially, personnel management among operation methods presented us with factors that can be applied fruitfully to Christian social welfare institutions. Accumulated experiences and researches on nonprofit organization could present a directionality of change for many Christian social welfare institutions to construct and manage an organizational structure from existing welfare organization practices. In other words, the social welfare institutions that have religious identity could be of help in implementing Diakonia to local residents. This can be called Diakonia through mission or the holistic mission that is badly needed in the contemporary world. Therefore, in this thesis, certain measures have been presented that can be utilized as the basis for designing an organizational structure through which Diakonia could become more effective in implementation through Christian social welfare institutions.

The term servant-leadership was first coined in a 1970 essay by Robert K. Green Leaf (1904-1990) entitled “The Servant as Leader”. In the development of leadership theories, there has been no consensus for the definition of leadership. In the course of explosion of many theories in the middle of 20th century, many people were tired of the emphasis on the styles, traits and other secrets for successful leadership based on the achievement. In this context, the servant leadership opens a way to give room for human beings, that is, relationship and emphasizes the importance of leaders’ identity rather than methodology. Greenleaf defines Servant leader as what is sharply different from the person who is leader first. The difference manifests itself in the care taken by the servant-first to make sure that other people's highest priority needs are being served. But because the words servant and leader are usually thought of as being opposites, they frustrate and annoy scholars and practitioners. Furthermore, some critics criticized Greenleaf’s writings are discursive because he never defines nor argues for any coherence in the features of leadership that he proposes. Others also point out that its biblical background is not based on the sound Christology. To overcome the shortcoming of the servant leadership theory, witness-based leadership, which is based on the atonement and the great commission of Christ, is suggested in this paper. The servant role is not inferior to the vocation of witness, but the two are seen as constituting a whole.

Today, the world is marked by confusion and conflicts caused by a lack of leadership. The advance in science and civilization did not bring about a united and harmonious community. Rather, it the opposite phenomena is on the in crease . ln short, excessive materi ali stic affluence has made the soul of mankind desolate. Furthermore, many more people suffer from poverty and the feeling of alienation. The resulting sense of mutual distrust, accentuated by the feeling of comparative deprivation, and the generation gap has led to a state of conflict and confrontation. Thjs state is marked by a tendency towards globalization which is ruled by the logic of power and economics. This in tum has brought about the opposing trend towards regional bloc based on cultural homogeneity. The current general state of affairs calls for a leader capable of providing the necessary leadership to solve the global crisis and confusion and mediate conflicts and reestablish order The current world leadership is lacking in piety and moderation which led them to fa Jl as slaves towards power and materialism. They display clear signs of moral f1aws as they foster distrust among the people, making them move about in confusion amidst the insecure and uneasy world. The res ult of this is a strong distrust towards the current leadership. Thus, the leadership capable of solving these problems must not only be able to realize harmony and unity but must be based on the fundamentally alσuistic， cornmunal and ever-σustful faith of Christian spiri t. The answer, then , lies in the scriptural leadership based on Christian faith. The Scripture teaches us the meaning of true leadership through the image of self-sacrifice. What enables the leader to overcome self-love and see things in an objective way, gives him the ability to control himself, work for the kingdom of God, seek after the spirit of love and unity and overcome all obstacles is the leadership deriving from mission spirit. Historically, young Christians have taken a leading role in this matter. In particular, during the eighteenth century which is marked by confusion, fear and conflicts, young Christians such as Wesley and Whitfield had attempted to solve the many social, political, and economical problems through the practice of spiritual and religious movements such as spiritual revival movements and student mission movements. The reason they were successful was because the young Christians were visionaries armed with open-mindedness and adaptability. The young Christian mission leadership burns with a sense of altruistic purpose and they are filled with a vision, constantly examines themselves and praying for guidance in order to stay true to God’s purpose. As long as they accentuate the vision received from God, grow into leaders deserving of trust and responsibility, maintain the healthY and balanced development of body and spirit, train in the di scipleship, and add hurnility to these, then, they can acquire σue leadership qualities as light and salt to the world. The leadership crisis of the world can be overcome by young Christian mission leadership characterized by its oneness, unity and harrnony, mutual love, efforts to reduce division and conflict, trust and responsibility. The cause of leadership void in the wor1d is selfcenteredness that inhibits efforts to overcome oneself. There can be no alternative world leadership save by following the teachings of Jesus who died for others and taught others to do likewise. Through such leadership, we can overcome unreasonable and conflicting state of affairs and work towards changing the world ruled not by the will of people but where God’s righteousness flows like a river.

Korean churches and mssions have been influenced by their cultural regulations on women issues. Women were treated as inferior beings, who is destined to take role in less irnportant positions in Korean traditional society. In response, a protestant missionary established the fìrst school for Korean women and girls in 1886, as she preached the Gospel. As a result, socio-political leadership opporturlÌties were given to women in contemporary Korean society. However, the churches were reluaant to change their hierarchical concept on women and women leadership, which influenced rrusslOnaries’ lives, works and their rnission fìelds. This concept of women inferiority suppressed female church members and missionaries; it not only belittled thernselves but also affected the relationship with their male partners in ministry. To cope with these difficulties and to help Korean ffilSslOnaries, here we need to do critical contextualization. For the missiological process, we will study God's intentions for the status of women and their leadership through exarrurung the discussions between the complementarians and the full participationists on the issues. In the first and second Genesis, God created Man as male and female in his image and blessed them to rule over all creatures in the earth. Both in the cultural command in Gen.1:27,28 and the creation story in Gen.2: 18-24, we can see the equality of women in their human dignity, status and leadership role. It is dear that Jesus, the Son of God in the Gospels, also demonstrated his view on women in equal status and equal in discipleship and leadersþip for the kingdom of God. The Holy Spirit also affirmed the equality of women both in status and ministty through pouring out Himself according to his promise in Joel 2:28,29. Apostle Paul in his new creation theology, through Gal.3:28, prodaimed the equality of women both in spiritual and sκial bases. Even in the two difficult passages, 1Cor.14:34,35 and 1Tim.2:11,12, we found that Paul was not to teach universal truth but to exhorr them to apply in their special contexts. Moreover, Paul also showed his view on women in equality both in dignity of personality and ministty, by induding many women as his coworkers for his missionart works. As we learned above, to treat women in equal status and leadership role is right in the sight of God who is love and justice. Therefore, the hierarchical concept of Korean Church and missions should be transformed in the light of the biblical foundations of women in equal status and leadership, as a missiological prαess of critical contextualization. As we know, two• thirds of the Korean Church are consisted of women. The Korean Church should recover the equal status of their woman members in their hurnan dignity created in the image of God, and their leadership roles based on being outpoured by the Holy Spirit. I suggest that this biblical knowledge should be taught at seminaries and Bible study groups in the Korean Church--from children to the elders, from women to men, and from laymen to pastors. As a result, women in the Korean Church and ffilSSlon will develop thernselves to contribute for the kingdom of God. Healthy relationships and improved teamwork with their male partners are also expected. My hopes are that the synergy effect thus created in Shalom will help accelerate His kingdom come in the whole eanh.