경건한 자의 고난을 다루고 있는 주전 10세기 이전의 고대 근동의 신정론적 시문학 작품인 욥기와 바빌로니아 욥기(“루드룰 벨 네메키,” “내가 지혜의 주를 찬양하리라”)는 고통과 버려짐, 탄식, 갈망, 회복과 찬양이라는 공통의 모티브를 갖고 있다. 욥과 숩시마쉬레삭칸은 자연물을 도입하여 다양한 수사학적 기교를 통해서 질병의 고통과 환자의 육체적-정신적 갈망, 신에 대한 이해를 운문형식으로 표현했다. 그들은 내용 전개에 천체, 지질, 해양, 광물, 기상과 기후, 동식 물, 미네랄, 유충, 인체, 발생학적 발전 단계와 관련된 자연물을 200가지 이상 사용했다. 자연비유를 통해 신과 인간의 다양한 모습을 드러낼 수 있다. 신은 사나운 사자와 날아간 새, 날려버리는 폭풍이 되기도 하고 고난 받는 자는 먹잇 감 동물, 구슬피 우는 비둘기, 낙엽과 마른 검불, 좀먹은 의복이 되기도 한다. 주 인공들은 자연을 통해 신의 지혜와 능력을 찬양한다. 두 작품은 자연을 통해 신의 초월성과 편재성/임재성에 대해 인식하게 하고, 고난에 대해 사색하게 함으로 영성 개발에 도움을 준다.

예이츠의 3번째 시집, 『갈대 속의 바람』은 그의 초기 시들을 모은 시집 중에서 가장 아름다운 시집으로 평가된다. 일견하여, 제목은 단순히 낭만적인 기질을 나타내는 것처럼 보인다. 그러나, 일단 시를 읽어보면, 다순한 바람, 갈대, 자연과는 다른 것이 느껴진다. 그 이미지들은 작가가 외부의 힘과 작용하면서 나타나는 마음과 가슴속의 변화들을 미묘하게 표현하고 있다. 그 중 하나의 이미지가 한 여인, 모드 곤에 대한 감정이다. 이 시집의 시들은 바람을 다루는데, 이 시들은, 바람, 갈대, 자연의 이미지를 통해서 극도로 세련된 시인의 사랑을 형상화한 작품들이다.

The memory of the Korean War is about the time period when people lived toughly during evacuation, due to being exposed to the natural climate such as intense cold or heat without any protection, leaving their comfortable home and living in temporary built shelters which were barely enough to avoid the wind. ‘Death is concealed and only the figures of evacuation for survival were expressed, just as how the government ordered. Since the experience of the battlefield is personal and fragmentary, that is broken into pieces, it does not have compatibility. As war is a distorted experience that cannot be placed in a big picture, it is not possible to take a view of the war’s big picture. Having this individualized experience as a common collective memory is an issue and it is the will that people tries to pursue. The reason why the evacuees from north to south, and as well as from the south to further south were all able to be adopted as the theme of artworks due to the military action that emptied the occupied territories of the North Korean Army under the forced removal command. In such situations, the natural state of the ‘snow’ was like a symbol of the 1.4 Recession. The group of people who were thrown into the intense cold displaced the war damage of loosing their base livelihood, and symbolized the obedient citizens who faithfully follow their government’s command. The figure of advocating anti-communism is projected as a figure of a refugee during cold winter-time and it contains ones past which he or she obeyed its own country’s commands. Evacuation, especially the evacuation during the winter is a visual device that can confirm these kinds of country’s command. The consequences were same for the artists as well. Therefore, the situation being communal could be found due to the individual experiences during war are ideological. The image of the refuge shown in the picture played the role of strengthening the consciousness of defecting to South Korea into the meaning of the ‘Finding Freedom.’ I would like to express that the reason of them leave their home during the harsh winter is in order to avoid the oppression of the Communist Party. The evacuation that people went through was not to ‘Finding Freedom’, but ‘To Survive’. Later, this evacuation has been imprinted as a behavior of choosing free Republic of Korea, which was an ideological issue. Anti-communism was the rule of survival in South Korea society, and people have the tendency to remember what they want to remember. As it is not the people who possesses an incident, but the memory that possesses ones, people cover their memory with disguised plots in order to forget the violence and to live a different prologue. They share the incident of violence as a hurtful memory. The tragedy of the Korean War was the result of Ideology and being in between the powerful nations’ rights, but the violence during the war has been depicted as a natural disaster, which was the evacuation in heavy snow.

Natural Image in Yeats`s early poetry shows the relationship and tension between nature and consciousness. In Romantic poetry, natural image comes to be the most prominent dimension of the style. Natural image mediates between natural object and human consciousness and becomes an critical indicator of the problematic crisis related with the status of poetic language. Assuming the pantheistic nostalgia toward nature and the ontological primacy of the natural object, poetic consciousness compares poetic language to the natural object and desires to give poetic language the stability and substantiality of the natural object. However, poetic language which originates from nothingness differs from the natural object which is an epiphany, a natural emanation of a transcendental principle. Due to the ontological difference between them, poetic language fails to get the status of the natural object. The attempt to overcome the failure of the mimetic natural image leads to the self-conscious natural image. This conscious natural image belongs to the tradition of symbolism. Within the image nature and consciousness are mutually transformed and united. Now nature becomes the starting point and the mirror which reflects acts of consciousness. The self-reflective image is a reflection of consciousness which is reflected on the nature-as-mirror. It needs the natural object as its starting point and has no material substance; therefore, it fails to possess itself as its object and faces the narcissistic predicament in which consciousness is alienated from nature. Due to the intrinsic discrepancy of the natural image, the hope to unite nature and consciousness is frustrated. Consciousness still belongs to nature and poetic language becomes to face the crisis of sterility and extinction. This study considers the dialectic between nature and consciousness through the natural image of Yeats`s early poetry.

The purpose of this study is to describe how nature-based ecotourism motivation of ecotourists influences destination image and satisfaction of ecotourists. In order to achieve the above purposes, the study carried out a literature study and an empirical analysis. Based on the obtained data through the literature study, the study designed a model for the empirical study. The results of this study are as follows. First, returns to nature, knowledge. fitness and escape as ecotourism motivation of ecotourist had a positive effect on each ecotourism destination image, such as cognitive and affective image. However, effect of novelty on cognitive image for destination had not significant results. Second, ecotourism destination image, such as cognitive and affective image, had a positive effect on ecotourism satisfaction of ecotourists. The results of the article provide implications for strategies for promoting ecotourism destination and suggest some guidelines for the eco-education of tourists.

본 연구는 더바디샵의 국내진출 이후에 등장 한 국내의 자연주의 화장품 브랜드들의 이타주의적 사회공헌 활동이 소비자들로부터 어떻게 인식되어지며, 소비자들로부터 공감을 얻어내고 있는지를 알고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 이타주의적 소비자의 사회적 표출적 욕구와 상호작용하기 위한 국내 자연주의 화장품 브랜드들의 커뮤니케이션 전략을 살펴보고, 또한 각 브랜드의 이미지와 메시지에서 어떠한 이타주의적 가치관을 표방하고 있는지를 알아보았다. 이를 통해서 사회표출적이고 윤리적 브랜드는 이타주의적 소비자들로부터 긍정적으로 인식되고, 얻어진 소비자의 공감은 소비행위라는 상호작용을 통해서 이루어질 것으로 가정을 하였다. 연구방법은 국내 대표적인 자연주의 화장품 브랜드 4개 [더바디샵], [네츄럴리퍼블릭], [더페이스샵], [이니스프리]를 선정하여 소비자들로 하여금 각 브랜드의 정보와 이미지에 대한 사회적 표출로서의 기능에 대한 인식과 수단으로써 구매태도를 가지는지를 평가하도록 하였다. 연구 결과 이타적 소비자들은 소비라는 행위를 통해서 자신의 가치관을 사회적으로 표출하고 있었으며, 집단주의적 가치를 지닌 소비자는 사회공헌적인 브랜드 이미지와 메시지에 대해서 높은 호감과 구매의도를 가지고 있었다. 하지만 실제로 소비자들은 사회공헌적인 브랜드의 상품이라고 할지라도 구매에 있어서 추가비용까지를 지불하려는 의사는 그리 높지 않았다. 따라서 국내의 소비자들은 사회공헌적 브랜드의 활동은 지지하지만 아직 추가 비용까지를 지불할 의사는 낮다는 소극성이 보여 진다.