이 연구의 목적은 학교 현장에서 한문 독해 수업의 문제점을 해결하는 단초를 마련하고자 하는 것이다. 중학교 1학년은 정규 교육과정에서 한문을 처음 배우는 학년이다. 한자의 음과 뜻을 학습하 기에도 역부족인 학생들이 한문 독해에서 겪는 문제를 분석하여 그 해결책을 제시하고자 하였다. 먼저, 2015 개정 중학교 한문 교과서에서 한문 독해와 관련이 있는 단문, 산문 단원의 제재를 분석하였다. 그리고 교과서에 제시된 문장 풀이에 도움이 되는 한자 정보를 입력하여 자료를 작성하였다. 이렇게 작성된 수업 제재 중에서 허사와 관련된 제재를 선별하여 학습지를 제작하였고 수업에 적용 하였다. 허사의 풀이가 한문 독해 학습에 중요한 요소일 것이라고 가정하였기 때문이다. 기존의 교과서를 활용한 수업에 허사 학습지를 통하여 허사의 개념을 파악하는 수업을 첨가하였다. 형성평 가나 설문, 면담 등을 통하여 허사 학습이 단기간에 학생들의 한문 독해 능력을 향상할 수는 없지만, 한문 수업에 대한 학생들의 인식 변화에는 어느 정도 기여할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 다만, 한문 문법과 같은 한문 독해의 기초 지식 수업은 암기 위주의 수업이 되지 않도록 하여야 할 것이다.

Wu Wu dialect; late Qing Dynasty; interpretation on The Sacred Edict; function words; colloquial words dialect translation of The Sacred Edict was written in colloquial and dialectal Chinese. Function words in the book reflected the lexical and grammatical features in Wu dialect during late Qing Dynasty, including prepositions (ex. Da), modal particles (Lao), negative words (Fu, Wu), etc. This article explores these features through the comparative analysis of the other two editions. Based on the depictions and discussions of function words, the paper provides evidence and supplements for studies on the function words of Wu dialect in the late Qing period.

In this paper, through the relevant syntactic structure and semantic comparison of Chinese and Korean Studies on Modern Chinese function words “De(的)”, “De(的)” was investigated whether has the character of aspect. Through the investigation discovery, Korean language in common and difference on time. In the concrete analysis, this paper also uses Chomsky Government and Binding Theory theory and Barriers theory, analyzes the tree diagram “De(的)” sentence, and through the investigation of the verb “De(的)” analysis, comparison of Chinese and Korean “De(的)” aspect feature. The results are as follows:

This study explores the diachronic development of expletive negation (EN) from Old English to Early Modern English. The EN examined in this paper involves a matrix verb with the meaning `prohibit`, `deny/refuse` or `doubt/fear` governing a subordinate clause with a negative marker whose meaning is allegedly empty. It is argued that EN is not a case of long-distance negative concord, but it is a genuine negative clause, as evidenced by the existence of emphatic negative markers. The use of EN is explained from a cognitive perspective as a speaker`s frequent (mis-)interpretation of counterfactual contexts, which is compatible with the use of the subjunctive mood.

The primary purpose of the paper is to show that such phenomena as the cliticization of weak pronouns, TH/EX in there constructions and the wh-movement from extracted nominals can fall under one generalization called "defocusing", a pragmatic operation that cannot be applied twice to the same syntactic object. We argue, in this paper, TH/EX is not a PF operation but a pragmatic operation before Spell-Out. In our model, syntactic objects should go through all the syntactic and/or pragmatic operations before they reach the interface and lexical insertion is a 24hr outlet rather than a one-fell-swoop operation.

This paper deals with the so-called PTI (presentational there inversion) construction in which the expletive there functions as the grammatical subject with a postverbal topic PP and a focus NP in sequence. The PTI construction displays similarities as well as differences with the LI (locative inversion) and ETI (existential there inversion) constructions. After examining the basic properties of these three constructions, the paper provides a constraint-based analysis of these constructions within the framework of HPSG (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar). The analysis, in which lexical realizations and constraints play crucial roles, could shed light on how the PTI construction is related to these two other constructions.

Chegyong Im. 2001. Person Constraint and Licensing of Expletive Constructions. Studies in Modern Grammar 25, 29-53. Some structures allow number agreement but not first/second person agreement. That would follow if the [person] feature of T reduces to [3 person] (the default choice). We will show, in this paper, the environment in which this phenomenon happens, suggesting a universal constraint for the locative inversion constructions and expletive constructions. The other major purpose of the paper is to illustrate the licensing of expletive constructions in the framework of Rizzi (1997) and Platzack (2000). We argue that the different syntactic behavior between there type expletives and it type expletives can be explained in terms of Multiple Interfaces. We will also try to show that the structure of TECs in Icelandic can be neatly identified in our proposal.

Hak-youn Kim. 1997. Expletive Constructions in Optimality Theory. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 11: 91-105. The main purpose of this paper is to suggest LRI (Last Resort Insertion) instead of Subject in the rank of Subject ＞ FI for optimal expletive in non-pro drop language. The general framework of Optimal Theory in syntax is introduced focused on Ob-Hd constraint in subject-verb inversion in English, and Subject and FI constraints in English and Italian. However the Subject constraint defined as "subject position must be filled" is not enough to cover all the expletive constructions. When the so called associate-NP is definite(DP), it can satisfy EPP feature in Infl without expletive. And Default Agreement of Subject in Icelandic also blocks an expletive in the subject position. Instead the last resort insertion of expletive occurs in order to satisfy the EPP feature only when the associate-NP is indefinite(NP). This is because the expletive functions as a determiner. Therefore I suggest to replace Subject by LRI.

The main purpose of this paper is to reveal the explanatory power of the Minimalist Theory in terms of Case checking in there construction. The results of secondary purpose, the nature of associate-NP, is that unaccusative and be assign the Partitive Case to the indefinite associate-NP itself not to its position. This fact implies that Visibility Condition be extended to the movement condition. Since Case checking in general is simplified in the Minimalist Theory, the theory can be considered to be superior to GB theory in terms of Case checking. And in the frame of Minimalist Theory concerning there construction, there are two ways of Case checking to the associate -NP. One approach is that the NP gets its Case checked by being adjoined to the expletive, the other is that the NP being licensed Partitive Case from AgrO at LF is adjoined Affixal-there to satisfy Full Interpretation. I showed that the latter is superior to the former because the in consistent checking of the strong NP feature of TNS must be a defect point.