We examined the characteristics of egg and larval distributions and catch changes of anchovy in relation to abnormally high sea temperature in the South Sea of Korea in summer 2015 and 2016. The densities of anchovy eggs and larvae in the southern coastal region were lower in July-August 2016 than in July-August 2015. In particular, anchovy eggs and larvae (approximately 5 mm TL) were rarely observed in the coastal region in August 2016 due to the abnormally high SST (up to 28°C), which was above the optimum spawning temperature of anchovy. The catch of non-swimming stage (< 2 cm TL) larval anchovy was lower in July-August 2016 than in July-August 2015. The decreased catch of larval anchovy in July-August 2016 could be attributed to decreased spawning density in June-July 2016. In contrast, the catch of swimming stage (> 2 cm TL) anchovy was increased in July-August 2016. In the summer of 2016, prominent sea temperature near the southern coast of Korea and sea temperature higher than 30°C in the offshore region of the South Sea of Korea could greatly enhance the retention of swimming anchovies in the coastal fishing grounds.

본 연구는 우리나라의 대표적인 노지작물인 고추에서 이상고온에 따른 생육 및 생리장해 등 피해정도를 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 아울러 고온피해를 최소화하기 위한 화학적 대응 기술을 확립하기 위해 빈나리(diniconazole)를 사용하여 그 효과를 검정하고자 하였다. 고추의 신장생장은 생육적온인 25℃보다 온도가 높아질수록 향상되었으나 경직경은 낮았으며, 특히, 30℃에서 재배한 고추 식물체는 연약한 생장을 보였다. 반면 뿌리생육은 생육온도에 따라 큰 차이는 없었다. 고추의 생육적온인 25℃보다 고온에서 재배하면 엽수는 증가하였고, 엽면적도 높았다. 또한 생체중 및 건물중도 높았다. 반면 수확량은 생육적온인 25℃에 비해 고온인 30℃에서는 생산량이 17% 감소하였다. 고추의 생육온도에 따라 낙화율에 차이가 있었으며, 생육적온인 25℃에서는 낙화율이 28.0%였으나, 27.5℃에서는 33.5%, 30℃에서는 52.3%로 온도가 높아질수록 낙화율이 높았다. 칼슘 결핍증은 고추의 생육적온에서는 나타나지 않았으나 온도가 높아질수록 경미하게 증가하는 경향이었다. 반면 역병발병율은 생육온도에 따른 차이는 없었다. 30℃의 이상고온은 낙화율이 문제되었으나, 빈나리를 처리하면 낙화율이 감소하여 10 mg/L처리에서는 대조구에 비해 수량이 10% 향상되었다.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) mainly occur during June-October, and result in significant casualties and damages to property in East Asian countries (e.g., Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and China, etc.). Although the total number of TCs that occurred over WNP was similar to normal years, the numer of TCs that affected Korea in August and September 2019 was 3 times higher than with the same number of TCs in July. Therefore, this study examined why more TCs migrated into Korea in 2019 through analyzing four environmental conditions: steering flow, geopotential height at 500 hPa, vertical wind shear (VWS), and sea surface temperature (SST). Results showed that the tracks of TCs were significantly associated with steering flows from July to September. Furthermore, weaker VWS and warmer SST were distributed near the tracks of TCs during August and September, whereas strong VWS and lower SST were dominant in July. The environmental conditions in August and September were favorable for maintaining and developing TCs, explaining why more typhoons have affected Korea during August and September in 2019.

In this study, we investigated the influences of abnormal high temperature on growth, yield and physiologically active substances of the strawberry. General strawberry cultivars in the 20℃ growth condition showed much better growth of leaf number, length, diameter along with plant height, compared with those in 22.5℃ or 25℃. But the cultivars of both ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Mehyang’ showed good growth and development at 25℃ with the roots showing great growth at 20℃. The quality and yield of the strawberry were best in the 20℃ growth condition, but the merchantability deteriorated in the 25℃ high temperature condition. As for the content of the physiologically active substances of the strawberry, it increased at 20℃, the optimum growth temperature, but decreased at 25℃. The physiologically active substances in the strawberry differed among the cultivars, the contents of cyanidin-3-glucoside, cinchonine, ellagic acid and cinnamic acid higher in the ‘Mehyang’, whereas the content of fisetin is higher in the ‘Sulhyang’ cultivar.Consequentially, the high temperature in summer has a negative effect on the physiological active ingredients of the strawberry, which was increased in the strawberry cultivated at proper temperature, and high quality strawberry production was possible.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low temperature on the growth, yield, quality, and biologically active compounds of strawberry and obtain basic information for developing a technology for stable growth of strawberry in greenhouses. Growth of strawberry, including leaf number, area, and length, plant height, and dry weight was better at the optimum growth temperature of 20℃ than at a lower temperature of 15°C. At the low temperature of 15°C, the cultivar 'Maehyang' was more tolerant and displayed better growth rate than 'Seolhyang'. At 15°C, the fruit production per week and fruit weight was lower than that at 20°C. In contrast, fruit length and diameter were not significantly different between the two growth temperatures. Growth temperature also did not affect the fruit color index, Hunter L, a, b value, or fruit firmness. However, the sugar content of strawberries grown at 15 was higher by 0.8 and 1.5 Brix for 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang', respectively, than of those grown at 20°C. There was no difference in the content of fisetin, a biologically active compound, for 'Seolhyang' at both growth temperatures, however, the fisetin content of 'Maehyang' was higher at 20°C than at 15 . Cinchonine and ellagic acid content of 'Seolhyang' was higher at 20°C than at 15 , whereas that of 'Maehyang' was higher at 15°C than at 20℃ . Quercetin content showed no significant differences with respect to growth temperature, however, it tended to increase at 20°C. The cinnamic acid content of 'Seolhyang' was higher at 15°C than at 20℃ , whereas that of 'Maehyang' increased at 20°C. Collectively, the biologically active compounds of strawberry were affected by growth temperature. Moreover, the content of these compounds tended to increase at 20°C, the optimum growth temperature, rather than at the sub-optimal growth temperature of 15°C.

Growth and physiological disorders caused by abnormally low temperatures were evaluated in pepper, an important field crop in Korea. In addition, the effects of chemical treatment using glutamine was verified on minimizing the damages by low temperature. The growth of pepper plants in stem length and diameter was suppressed as the temperature decreased from 25℃, and the suppression level was the highest for plants grown for 90 days at 20℃. However, root growth was not affected by the different temperatures. The number of leaf and leaf area decreased at the temperatures below 25C, an optimum temperature for growth. Fresh weight and dry weight decreased for plants grown at 20℃. Pepper fruit yield also decreased by 11% at 20℃ in comparison to 25℃. Falling blossom rate was different depending on the growth temperature, and the rate was 27.2% at 25℃, 35.2% at 22.5℃, and 41.0% at 20℃, indicating that falling blossom rate increased as temperature decreased. Different growth temperatures did not affected on the level of symptom of calcium deficiency and Phytopathora blight. Falling blossom was severe at abnormally low temperature of 20℃, but the treatment of glutamine reduced falling blossom rate and increased the yield by 7.0% as compared to control. The optimum concentration of glutamine treatment was 10 mg/L for yields.