Adsorption of arsenic by graphene-based adsorbents is widely applied to remove arsenic from water and has become a promising technology. However, most of the reported studies were conducted at a relatively higher concentration of arsenic in As (V) oxidative form, whereas the As (III) is more difficult to remove from water and more toxic, which prompted us to conduct the study at a lower concentration of 1 ppm in As (III). A Facile and controlled synthesis of graphene-based metal/ metal oxide nanomaterials and adsorptive removal of aqueous As (III) is reported here. Adsorbents were characterized using spectroscopy (FTIR, XPS and Raman) and microscopy (TEM). The maximum uptake of arsenic obtained was 88.8% from the RGO-Fe3O4 composite among all the adsorbents. The pseudo-second-order model and Intra-particle mass transfer diffusion model were applied to determine the adsorption kinetics with varying contact time between the adsorbents and the As (III) in water to interact. Experimental results suggest that the adsorption of As (III) onto the adsorbents was a multi-step process involving external adsorption to the surface followed by diffusion to the interior. A simple spectrophotometric method also was used for the detection and quantification of As (III).

암모니아성 질소(NH4-N)는 산업 폐수, 농업 및 축산 폐수에 포함되어 있으며 인과 함께 수질의 부영양화를 일으 키는 물질로 잘 알려져 있다. 또한 망간(Mn)과 비소(As)는 광산 처리수 등에 포함되어 있으며, 수질 오염의 원인 물질로 알려져 있다. 천연 제올라이트는 수중에서 암모니아성 질소를 제거하는데 사용되고 있지만 낮은 흡착능력을 가진다. 이러한 천연 제올라이트의 낮은 흡착능력을 개선하기 위해 Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+로 이온 치환을 진행하였다. 암모니아성 질소(NH4-N)의 흡착량과 제거율은 Na+로 이온 치환된 제올라이트에서 0.66 mg/g과 89.8%로 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 이온 치환된 제올라이트 를 이용하여 Mn과 As의 흡착실험을 진행하였다. Mg2+로 이온 치환된 제올라이트에서 Mn과 As의 높은 흡착량과 제거율을 보였다.

연구에서는, 전기방사법을 이용하여 산화철-산화그래핀(Fe3O4/GO, metallic graphene oxide; MGO)이 도입된 PVdF/MGO 복합나노섬유(PMG)를 제조하였으며, 이를 활용하여 비소제거에 대한 특성 평가를 진행하였다. MGO의 경우 In-situ-wet chemical 방법으로 제조하였으며, FT-IR, XRD분석을 진행하여, 형태와 구조를 확인하였다. 나노섬유 분리막의 기 계적 강도 개선을 위하여 열처리과정을 진행하였으며, 제조된 분리막의 우수한 기계적 강도 개선 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나, PMG 막의 경우, 도입된 MGO의 함량이 증가할수록 기계적 강도가 감소되는 경향성을 보여주었으며, 기공크기 분석 결과로부터, 0.3~0.45 μm의 기공크기를 가진 다공성 분리막이 제조되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 수처리용 분리막으로의 활용 가능성 조사를 위해, 수투과도 분석을 실시하였다. 특히, PMG2.0 샘플의 경우 0.3 bar 조건에서, PVdF 나노섬유막(91 kg/m2h)에 비해 약 70% 향상된 결과값(153 kg/m2h)을 나타내었다. 또한, 비소 흡착실험 결과로부터, PMG 막의 경우, 비소3 가와 5가에 최대 81%, 68%의 높은 제거율을 보여주었으며, 흡착등온선 분석으로부터, 제조된 PMG 막의 경우 비소3가, 5가 모두 Freundlich 흡착거동을 따른다는 것을 확인하였다. 위 모든 결과로부터, PVdF/MGO 복합 나노섬유 분리막은 비소제거 및 수처리용 분리막으로 충분히 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, the effectiveness of electrodialysis in removing inorganic arsenic from groundwater was investigated. To evaluate the feasibility of the electrodialysis, operating parameters such as treatment time, feed concentration, applied voltage and superficial velocity were experimentally investigated on arsenic removal. The higher conductivity removal and arsenic removal efficiency were obtained by increasing applied voltages and operation time. An increase of salinity concentrations in arsenic polluted groundwater exerted no effects on the arsenic separation ratios. Arsenic polluted waters were successfully treated with stack voltages of 1.8 ~ 2.4 V/cell-pair to approximately 93.4% of arsenic removal. Increase flow rate in diluate cell gave positive effect to removal rate. However, increase of superficial velocity in the concentrated cell exerted no effects on either the conductivity reduction or on the separation efficiency. Hopefully, this paper will provide direction in selecting appropriate operating conditions of electrodialysis for arsenic removal.

본 연구에서는 비소(arsenic, As) 제거 특성을 가진 망간-철 산화물(manganese-iron oxide, MF)을 제조하고, 이를 poly vinylidene fluoride (PVdF)와 복합화를 진행하여 As(III)와 As(V)를 동시에 제거가 가능한 수처리용 나노섬유복합막 (polymer nanofiber membrane with Mn-Fe, PMF) 제조에 관한 기초 연구를 진행하였다. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) 분석을 통해 MF 소재의 형상 및 구조를 확인하였으며, PMF 복합막의 수처리용 분리막으로의 활용가능성을 조사하 기 위하여 기계적 강도, 기공크기, 접촉각 및 수투과도 분석을 진행하였다. 측정결과로부터 망간과 철 비율이 같은 PMF11 복 합막의 기계적 강도가 가장 높은 결과값(232.7 kgf/cm2)을 나타낸 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, MF 소재의 도입에 따라 기공 크기가 점차 줄어드는 경향성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히, 철 산화물의 조성비가 증가할수록 기공크기가 감소하는 경향성을 보여주었다. 수투과도 측정결과 MF 소재의 도입에 따라 PVdF 나노섬유막에 비해 약 10~60% 이상 향상되는 결과를 나타내 었다. 제조된 MF 소재 및 PMF 복합막의 비소 제거 특성평가를 통해 As(III)와 (V)의 동시 제거 가능하며, 특히, MF01 샘플 의 경우 As(III)와 (V)에 각각 93, 68%의 가장 높은 흡착제거율을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 제조된 MF소재 및 PMF 복합막을 통해 수처리용 분리막의 기능성 향상을 위한 기초연구 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 개선된 Hummers법으로 제조된 산화그래핀에 기능화된 산화철(Fe3O4)을 합성하여 나노섬유 분리막을 제조하였다. 기질 고분자인 PVdF(polyvinylidene fluoride)와 제조된 Fe3O4-GO(MGO)은 전기방사법을 이용하여 나노섬유 분리막을 제조하고, 제조된 막에 대한 비소(Ⅲ,V) 제거 실험을 진행하였다. 먼저 MGO의 비소제거 실험에서 비소(Ⅲ) 이온의 경우 83%, 비소(V)이온의 경우 70%까지 MGO에 대한 비소제거 성능이 확인되었으며, 막의 경우에도 MGO의 함량이 높을수록 비소제거가 각각 80%까지 확인되었다.

Arsenic (As) in drinking water was guided to 10μg/L by World Health Organization (WHO). People living in highly As-contaminated areas can be poisoned by As through inhalation, dermal absorption, and digestion. Many researches and technologies were applied to remove Arsenic in water, such as oxidation, coagulation–precipitation, absorption, ion exchange and membrane techniques. This study aimed to develop microfiltration membranes possessing capability of removing Arsenic. Iron composite Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were synthesized via phase inversion method for this objective. The As removal of the membranes were investigated by using dead-end filtration system. Membrane properties were characterized by various analytical tools for studying As removal mechanism of these membranes.

광액시료와 비-자성광액시료에 포함된 황비철석을 자류철석으로 상변환 시키기 위하여 그리고 비소 함량을 2,000 mg/kg 이하로 제거하기 위하여 마이크로웨이브 장치를 다양한 시간으로 가열하였 고, 습식-자력선별하였다. 마이크로웨이브 가열시간이 증가함에 따라 황비철석 표면의 가장자리부터 자류철석으로 상변환이 일어났고, 열점 현상에 의하여 자류철석 내부에 용융공극과 마이크로-크랙들 이 형성되었다. 마이크로웨이브 가열을 10분간 수행한 광액시료(비소 함량 : 14,732.66 mg/kg)와 비- 자성 광액시료(비소 함량 : 19,970.13 mg/kg)를 습식-자력선별하여 자성광물로 분리시킨 결과, 10분 가열한 자성광물 시료에서 만 비소 함량이 2,000 mg/kg 이하로 나타났다. 따라서 향후 비소 페널티 부과 대상인 복합황화광물을 마이크로웨이브 가열과 습식-자력선별을 효과적으로 활용하면, 비소 함 량을 페널티 부과대상 이하의 광석광물을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The Raw water from Deer Creek (DC) reservoir and Little Cottonwood Creek (LCC) reservoir in the Utah, USA were collected for jar test experiments. This study examined the removal of arsenic and turbidity by means of coagulation and flocculation processes using of aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride as coagulants for 13 jar tests. The jar tests were performed to determine the optimal pH range, alum concentration, ferric chloride concentration and polymer concentration for arsenic and turbidity removal. The results showed that a comparison was made between alum and ferric chloride as coagulant. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for alum (16 mg/L) of up to 79.6% and 90.3% at pH 6.5 respectively were observed. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for ferric chloride (8 mg/L) of up to 59.5% at pH 8 and 90.6% at pH 8 respectively were observed. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for alum dosages were achieved with a 25 mg/L and 16 mg/L respectively. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for ferric chloride dosages were achieved with a 20 mg/Land 8 mg/L respectively. In terms of minimizing the arsenic and turbidity levels, the optimum pH ranges were 6.5 and 8for alum and ferric chloride respectively. When a dosage of 2 mg/L of potassium permanganate and 8 mg/L of ferric chloride were employed, potassium permanganate can improve arsenic removal, but not turbidity removal.

This study has been carried out to examine the feasibility of soil washing process for reducing arsenic contamination level of soil around Dalchên Mine. The results of physicochemical tests of the target soil showed that pH was weak alkalic (pH ~- 7.8), soil texture was coarse sand, and organic contents (5.7%) and CEC (Cation exchange capacity; 21.5 meq/100 g) were similar with those of soils generally found in Korea. Contamination levels of arsenic were found to over 201 mg/kg which exceed the Korea standard levels of countermeasure and concern. To investigate chemical partitioning of heavy metals, sequential extraction procedures were adopted and it was found that arsenic was predominantly associated with the residual fraction among five fractional forms as much as over 85%, which is demonstrating that only less than 15% of all might be vulnerable to a selected washing agents. Among 6 kinds of washing agents applied on the screening for arsenic-contaminated soil, HCl and H3PO4 solution were selected as promising washing agents. In comparison with HCl and H3PO4 solutions for arsenic washing by kinetic experiment in the change of pH, soil-solution ratio, temperature, and washing solution concentration, H3PO4 solution was determined to best one of agents tested, which showed faster washing rate than HCl to accomplish regulatory goal.

Electrokinetic technique was considered in removing arsenic from the abandoned mining tails. In order to estimate the removal characteristics of arsenic, the sequential extraction analysis and desorption experiment were carried out prior to the application of electrokientic process. The result of sequential extraction analysis indicated that the water soluble and exchangeable fraction, easily leachable to ground water, were very low as much as about 2.5% and the fraction except residual (38.3%), possibly extractable under very acidic or alkalic environment, was about 59%. In the result of desorption test using four different kinds of electrolytes, the mixture of citric acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) showed the highest desorption efficiency as much as 77.3%. The removal efficiencies of arsenic from mining tailings by electrokinetic process under the different electrolyte environments were slightly low and resulted in the following order: citric acid + SDS (18.6%) > 0.1 NHNO3 (8.1%) > HAc (7.4%) > Distilled water(6.6%). Also, arsenic in soil matrix was moved favorably in the direction of anodic rather than cathodic region, which is opposite trend with cationic metal ions generally existing in soil, because anionic form of arsenic is dominated in acidic soil caused by the movement of acid front form anode.