Alpha-linolenic acid is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid that exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of alpha-linolenic acid on the cell proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells under essential amino acid-deficient conditions. Different concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids were added to the growth and differentiation media. The concentrations of 10 μM of alphalinolenic acid and 2% essential amino acid were chosen for subsequent experiments. Supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids improved the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells and significantly increased the mRNA levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, B-cell lymphoma-2, and beclin-1 as well as the protein levels of PPARγ coactivator-1α compared to those in the controls. Moreover, supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids reduced the levels of phosphorylated H2A.X variant histone, Bcl-2-associated X, p53, and light chain 3 during C2C12 cell proliferation, and increased the expression levels of myogenic factors 4 (myogenin) and 5 during C2C12 cell differentiation. Overall, we determined that alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids maintained the cell proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells via their anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic effects.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of culture methods on development of embryos with each developmental stage after heat shock in bovine oocytes. The results obtained were as fellows. 1. The culture method after heat shock on development of embryos was better drop-culture than co-culture. 2. The medium without amino acids were not effect of heat sock on development of embryos but it was in need of amino acid during formation of blastocyst.

하이아미'는 필수 아미노산 함량 및 조성이 우수한 신소재를 육성할 목적으로 1998년 하계에 EMS를 처리한 진미벼에 5-methyltryptophan (5MT)을 처리하여 단백질 내성 후대 계통을 육성하고 줄무늬잎마름병에 저항성이고 다수성인 계화벼를 인공교배하여 SR24568을 부여하였다. 1999년 F1 18개체를 양성하여 꽃가루 배양을 실시하여 2001년 AC1 75개체를 육성하였다. AC2 세대부터 계통 선발법에 의해 주요 병해충 및 미질검정을