Dual porous structures are observed for the first time on a metallic Cu surface underneath anodic Cu oxide by the application of an anodizing voltage to Cu in oxalic acid. The as-prepared porous Cu surface contains macropores of less than 1 μm diameter and mesopores of about tens of nanometers diameter with circular shapes. The size and density (number of pores/area) of the macropores are dependent on the applied voltage. It is likely that the localized dissolution (corrosion) of Cu in oxalic acid under the anodizing voltages is responsible for the formation of the mesopores, and the combination of a number of the mesopores might create the macropores, especially under a relatively high anodizing voltages or a prolonged anodizing time. The variations of pore structure (especailly macropores) with applied voltage and time are reasonably explained on the basis of the proposed mechanism of pore formation.

2006~2008년 동안 새만금 간척지에서 조성된 인공 염생식물 군락지와 새만금 방조제 배수갑문 수위 관리의 연관성을 밝히기 위해 배수갑문 수위특성 및 사유, 염생식물 군락지의 공간적인 분포와 형성 과정, 수위변화에 따른 염생식물 분포공간분석을 시도하였다. 배수갑문 수위조절의 특성을 분석한 결과, 파종 후 생장기의 평균수위와 연평균 수위와의 차이는 유사했으며, 연간 최저수위 및 최고수위가 파종 후 생장기에 나타났다. 3년동안 4,315만m2에 염생식물 군락지가 형성되었으며 총 2,673만m2에 대해 인공적인 염생식물 군락 조성이 시도되어 291만m2을 제외한 표고 약 1m 이상의 2,382만m2(89.1%)에 염생식물 군락지가 형성된 것으로 추정되었다. 파종지역 염생식물 군락지 형성에서 해수의 평균수위나 최저수위보다도 최고수위가 결정적인 요인으로 작용하였으며, 경운 및 토양 피막 여부가 군락지 형성의 2차적인 요인으로 작용한 것으로 보인다.

The diffe rentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal precursors requires a series of cell fa te decis ions controlled by a hi erarchy of transcription factors Among these are RUNX2, osterix (OSX) , ATF4 and a la rge number of nuclear co-regulators. During bone development, initial RUNX2 expression coincides with the formation of mesenchyma l con densations well before the branching of chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. Runx2 is s ubject to a number 0 1' post - tran scriptional controls including regulation by nuclear accessory factors such as ATF4 and DLX5 and post-trans lational mod ificati on, especially phosphOl‘ylation. We previously showed that Runx2-dependent transcription is acti vated by the ex tracellular signal-regulated/MAP kinase pathway in response to ECM/integrin and FGF2 stimulation. To identify and a5sess the function of ERK/MAPK phosphorylation s ites in RUNX2 and esta bli sh the role of MAPK s ignaling in bone fo 1'mation Approaches: A deletion/mutagenesis approach wa5 used to ide ntify 1'egions 0 1' RUNX2 necessary fo1' MAPK responsiveness and phosphorylation. To evaluate the in vivo function of the ERK/MAPK pa thway‘ transgen ic mice were developed wi th osteoblast- specific expression of either dominant-negative 0 1' cons titutively-active MEKl in osteoblasts and crossed with Runx2 heterozygous-• null ammals RUNX2 is phosphorylated on two critical serine res idues in the P/S/T domain. RUNX2 conta ining S/A mutations in these sites is refractory to MAPK stimula ti on while S/E muta tions cause cons titutive activation MAPK activation of RUNX2 was also found to occur in vivo 까'a n sge ni c expression of cons titutively ac tive MEKl in osteo • blas ts accelerated skeletal development while a dominant-negati ve MEKl reta rd ed bone formation in a RUNX2- dependent manner As shown by these studies‘ the ERK/MAPK pathway controls Runx2 tra nscript iona l activ ity by phosphorylation at specific serine residues. This may be a major pathway for controlling osteoblast activity in response to extracellul ar matrix signals. mechanical loads and hormonal stimulation

In this study, we investigated the effects of indole on biofilm formation inhibition in Pantoea agglomerans (P. agglomerans). In the biofilm growth assay, indole inhibited biofilm formation across all the growth time. Depending on biofilm growth stage, indole exhibited biofilm inhibition and anti-bacterial effects on planktonic cells. Through the analysis of the proportion rate between biofilm and Colony Forming Units (CFU) and inhibition rate of indole, we confirmed that depending on the biofilm stage of P. agglomerans, indole treatment timing was more important than the treatment duration. By comparing gene expression rates through rt-qPCR P.agglomerans affected by indole was found to significantly change quorum sensing (pagI/R) and indole transportation (bssS) gene expressions. Throughout all, indole exhibited both antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects on P. agglomerans. In addition, we confirmed the anti-biofilm effects of indole on mature biofilm. In conclusion, indole as a signal molecule, can exhibit anti-biofilm effects through bacterial quorum sensing inhibition and indole affects. Therefore, indole can regulate biofilm bacteria especially gram-negative opportunistic pathogens.

In this paper, we present a finite-time sliding mode control (FSMC) with an integral finitetime sliding surface for applying the concept of graph theory to a distributed wheeled mobile robot (WMR) system. The kinematic and dynamic property of the WMR system are considered simultaneously to design a finite-time sliding mode controller. Next, consensus and formation control laws for distributed WMR systems are derived by using the graph theory. The kinematic and dynamic controllers are applied simultaneously to compensate the dynamic effect of the WMR system. Compared to the conventional sliding mode control (SMC), fast convergence is assured and the finite-time performance index is derived using extended Lyapunov function with adaptive law to describe the uncertainty. Numerical simulation results of formation control for WMR systems shows the efficacy of the proposed controller.

1. 기상소모의 약영향은 지역과 년차 및 품종에 따라 차이가 있었다. 2. 생육시기를 이동시 키므로 지역별로 생식생장기의 기상소모지수를 변동시킬 수 있었으며 이에 따라 영화수를 증가시킬 수 있는 가능성을 발견하였다. 3. 수량과 영화수를 고려한 이앙적기는 통일계 품종의 경우 수원 5월 25일, 유성, 5월 25일 내지 6월 5일, 진주 6월 5일 이고 Japonica계 품종의 이앙적기는 통일계 품종에서 보다 약간 늦었다. 4. 기상소모지수 감소에 의한 영화수 증가와 수량증대와의 연결성은 등숙비율과의 관련하에서 결정될 것이다.