The current study, which consisted of two independent studies (laboratory and greenhouse), was carried out to project the hypothesis fungi-spray scheduling for leaf mold and gray leaf spot in tomato, as well as to evaluate the effect of temperature and leaf wet duration on the effectiveness of different fungicides against these diseases. In the first experiment, tomato leaves were infected with 1 × 104 conidia·mL-1 and put in a dew chamber for 0 to 18 hours at 10 to 25°C (Fulvia fulva) and 10 to 30°C (Stemphylium lycopersici). In farm study, tomato plants were treated for 240 hours with diluted (1,000 times) 30% trimidazole, 50% polyoxin B, and 40% iminoctadine tris (Belkut) for protection of leaf mold, and 10% etridiazole + 55% thiophanate-methyl (Gajiran), and 15% tribasic copper sulfate (Sebinna) for protection of gray leaf spot. In laboratory test, leaf condensation on the leaves of tomato plants were emerged after 9 hrs. of incubation. In conclusion, the incidence degree of leaf mold and gray leaf spot disease on tomato plants shows that it is very closely related to formation of leaf condensation, therefore the incidence of leaf mold was greater at 20 and 15°C, while 25 and 20°C enhanced the incidence of gray leaf spot. The incidence of leaf mold and gray leaf spot developed 20 days after inoculation, and the latency period was estimated to be 14‒15 days. Trihumin fungicide had the maximum effectiveness up to 168 hours of fungicides at 12 hours of wet duration in leaf mold, whereas Gajiran fungicide had the highest control (93%) against gray leaf spot up to 144 hours. All the chemicals showed an around 30‒50% decrease in effectiveness after 240 hours of treatment. The model predictions in present study could be help in timely, effective and ecofriendly management of leaf mold disease in tomato.

This study aims to investigate the antifungal and protective effects of water- and 70% methyl alcohol-extracts from spent mushroom substrate (WESMS and MeOHSMS) of Lentinula edodes, on Botrytis cinerea- the causative agent for gray mold disease in ginseng. MeOHSMS inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, by 75% and 95%, respectively. MeOHSMS could suppress gray mold disease of ginseng seedlings by 80% and effectively reduce the disease severity by 60%. Compared to the treatment of ginseng leaves with WESMS and DL-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), the MeOHSMS treatment increased the phenolic compounds in the leaves by 36% and 18%, respectively. These results suggest that the SMS extracts suppress gray mold disease in ginseng via dual functions: antifungal activity and increase in a plant defense factor— phenolic compounds.

A severe outbreak of gray mold on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was observed on kenaf grown in the research field of Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Korea in 2014. Gray mold appeared on young plants as gray-brown velvety mold covering stems and leaves. Infections that girdled the stem caused wilting above the infected area and developed a canker. The casual fungus formed grayish brown colonies on potato dextrose agar. The conidia were one celled, mostly ellipsoid or ovoid in shape, colorless or pale brown in color, and 6–18 × 4–10 μm in size. The conidiophores were 15–32 μm in length. These measurements and taxonomic characteristics were most similar to those of Botrytis. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene region confirmed that the fungal isolates were indeed Borytis cinerea. Koch's postulates were supported by pathogenicity tests conducted on healthy plants. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a gray mold caused by B. cinerea on kenaf in Korea.

온실 및 식물공장 작물재배에 있어서 LED 광원과 작물생육에 관한 연구들은 활발히 진행 되고 있으나, LED광원과 식물에 병을 일으키는 식물병원균에 대한 연구들은 미흡하다. LED 광원은 이미 시설재배 혹은 식물공장에 설치되어 있으므로 LED광원으로 식물에 발생하는 병원균을 제어할 수 있다면 방제에 필요한 인적, 시간적 비용과 살균제 등과 같이 인체에 유해한 성분들의 사용을 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단하여 LED광원에 대한 Botrytis cinerea의 균사생장을 조사하였다. 식물공장에서는 주로 엽채류를 재배하며 엽채류에는 여러 가지 곰팡이균들에 의한 질병 발병 가능성이 충분히 내재되어 있다. 병원균의 포자는 항상 작물재배지에 존재하고 있기 때문에 LED 광원이 식물병원균의 균사 생장을 억제 할 수 있다면, 식물공장내에서 작물재배에 효과적으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 식물공장의 광원중 가장 많이 보편화되어 있는 LED 광원을 이용하여 B. cinerea의 균사 생장을 조사한 결과 Blue 광원에서 균사 생장이 억제되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 식물공장내 LED의 비율과 광량의 적절하게 조절함으로써 식물병원균의 증식을 억제 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Background : To control ginseng gray mold, farmers have mainly used inorganic chemical based fungicides. The recent emergence of fungicide resistance has reduced the effectiveness of such control methods. Such pesticides also carry additional problems, such as diffuse pollution. Methods and Results : Six treatments of organic agricultural materials were tested for control of ginseng gray mold, CAPW (Chrysophanic acid + Phytoncide +Wood vinegar), EmEWV (Emodin + Ethanol +Wood vinegar), CEWV (Curcumin + Eugenol +Wood vinegar), Bacillus subtilis, soybean oil and sulfur. The control effect for gray mold by a single application of the agrochemical fungicide industrial Fenhexamid wettable powder (WP) was 84.4%. The control effect by CAPW, EmEWV and CEWV varied between 52.7 - 64.9%. The control effect by B. subtilis, soybean oil, and sulfur were 32.9 - 59.2%. Conclusions : In the field tests, CAPW showed the highest control effects when used before, and at first stage of disease incidence, against ginseng gray mold.

Botrytis cinerea infects stems, leaves and fruits of greenhouse tomato and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop organic farming control method against tomato gray mold. Twenty two organic farming materials including mineral and plant extracts were screened for the suppressive activity against Botrytis cinerea, in vitro and in vivo. Among the organic farming materials, sulfur, copper, Chinese twinleaf extract and rhubarb extract decreased by 51.7-90% of the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Also, gray mold incidence was reduced more than 90% on tomato stems by treating sulfur, seaweed extracts, rhubarb root extracts and Chinese twinleaf extract. After the selected four organic farming materials were applied on tomato cultivated in greenhouse, their control effects against the tomato gray mold were tested. When the water soluble sulfur was foliar-sprayed on the tomato leaves infected by artificial inoculation with spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea, it showed 87.9% of control value. Also, control activity of the water soluble sulfur was paralleled with chemical fungicide, diethofencarb+carbendazim. The above mentioned results indicate the sulfur for-mulation can be used as chemical fungicide alternatives for controlling tomato gray mold in the greenhouse.

This study was conducted to evaluate the control effect of fungicides on control of Gray mold, growth characteristics, and root yield in the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis after barley cropping. All fungicides treated had no effect on the growth and flowering rate of Scutellaria baicalensis. All seed disinfectants had no effect on the growth and flowering date of Scutellaria baicalensis Georg. The major seed disinfectants were Benomyl Wp, 20%, Captan Wp, 50%, Hymexazol Ec, 30%, Carboxin D, 37.5%. Dry root yield were increased largely with Benomyl Wp, 20%, seed disinfectant than the other seed disinfectants had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand, all seed disinfectants had slight injury in the double dosage level for the Scutellaria baicalensis Georg.