Before it evolved into a stage or movie spectacle in the twentieth century Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ had already become a popular phenomenon in its original incarnation as Lew Wallace’s 1880 bestseller, the only American novel of the nineteenth century to rival Uncle Tom’s Cabin in its sales and impact on popular culture in the United States and Europe. However, over time Wallace’s story lost some of the elements that, this paper argues, made it so meaningful to readers in Gilded Age America. The key aspects largely missing from later versions can be briefly encapsulated under the rubrics of religion and masculinity. While Ben-Hur in all of its manifestations has drawn on a fascination with the origins of Christianity, only in the original novel can we see author and audience directly engaged in the era’s quest for the historical Jesus. Even more strikingly for a novel that readers affirmed as a spiritual experience, Wallace’s novel was shaped by the deistic ecumenism that in a little over a decade would lead to the World’s Parliament of Religions at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. The apparent paradox finds at least partial resolution in the novel’s treatment of another preoccupation of the age – the nature of masculinity amidst the “feminization of American culture.” The original Ben-Hur was a Bildungsroman in which the protagonist achieves through his experiences and his encounters with Jesus a new understanding of the meaning of Christ’s mission and to his own role and responsibilities as an adult self-disciplined male.

The human embryonic-lethal abnormal vision-like protein, HuR, stabilizes mRNA containing adenine- and uridine- rich elements in their 3’untranslated region. Because cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA is a cellular transcript that contains an adenine- and uridine-rich element, it can be regulated by the HuR protein. In this study, we examined the relationship between COX-2, HuR, MVD, and the clinicopathological parameters. Nineteen out of 43 cases of HNSCC showed high level of COX-2expression, and 68% of these patients showed high COX-2 immuno-reactivity indicating the strong expression of the cytoplasmic HuR protein. Also, MVD expression in the cases with high COX-2 expression was higher than in the cases with low COX-2 expression. These results suggest a strong correlation between the overexpression of cytoplasmic HuR and COX-2 expression in HNSCC, and that COX-2 is associated with MVD in HNSCC. In conclusion, COX-2 regulated by cytoplasmic HuR may be a good tumor angiogenic factor in HNSCC.

The human ELAV(embryonic lethal abnormal vision)-like protein HuR stabilizes a certain group of cellul ar mHNAs that contain AU- rich elements in their 3’ - untranslated region , To test the significance of HuR in carcinogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas(HNSCCs), we have investigated HuH expression from 32 benign epithelial lesions , 14 prema lignant epitheli al lesions and 80 HNSCCs, There were two different staining patterns of HuR in HNSCCs : nuclear expression was seen in 78 7% (63 of 80) 01' cases; and an additional cyto plasmic expression was seen in 28, 7%(23 of 80) 01 cases, Nuclear expression of HuR was s ignificantly increased in premalignant lesions and HNSCCs, whereas increased cytoplasπli c expression of HuR was only observed in HNSCCs Cytoplasmic HuR expression was significantly increased in pa tients of HNSCC younger than 60 yea rs , Al though there was no significant correlation between a natomic s ites of HNSCCs and HuR express ion , cyto plasmic HuR expression was highly increased in HNSCCs of larynx, There was no significant co rrela tion between HuR expression and other clinicopathological parameters such as histological type‘ tumor s ize‘ 0 1' n odal s tatus , ln conclusion, this study s uggests that overexpression of HuR in HNSCCs may be part of a regula tory pathway tha t co ntro ls the mHNA stability 0 1' several important targets in carcinogenesis of HNSCCs

The human ELAV(embryonic lethal abnormal vision)-like protein HuR stabilizes a certain group of cellular mRNAs that contain AU- ri ch elements in theil‘ 3’• untranslated region, Dysregulation of mRNA s tability may be relevant in tumor biology and may lead to abnormal expression of several proteins in malignant tumors, The aim of this study is to identify the differentially expressed proteins according to the functi onal activi ty of HuR Methods : We used stabl e expression of small interfering RNA(siRNA) of HuR gene to inhibit the expression of HuR in human ora l car cinoma cell lines‘ KB cell line and YD10B cell line‘ and compared the proteomic changes between s iRNA-treated and cont rol cell line using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis , Flow cytometry caliber scan(FACS) was employed to investigate the effects of HuR on cell apoptosis and proliferation , Results: Seventeen differentially expressed proteins between the two cell lines were identified by electrospray ioruzati on quadrupole time-of- fl ight mass spectrometry(ESI-Q-TOF MS) and database searching, Among them there are eleven proteins which are significant ly up- regulated in siRNA- treated cell line, which include heat shock protein 10(influencing nucl eocytoplas rnic transpo 다， cell dedifferentiation , and inhibition of apoptosis) , keratin 19(basal cell differ ent iat ion) ‘ and nucleoside diphosphate kinase B(G protein activator), etc Enolase 1 and Ml of pyruvate kinase a re the representatives of signifi cantly down-regulated proteins in siRNA-treated cell 11l1e Conclusion : Our data suggest that HuR participate in mRNAs stability of proteins that have the counter effects in the carcinogenesis of oral ca ncer , And the functiona l proteomics a re needed to elucidate the detailed interactions between HuR and t hese molec ules

HuR(human embryonic-Iethal abnormal vi sion-like protein, ELAV)은 최근 염증반응 및 세 포성장 조절의 중요 기전 으로 관심 을 받고 있는 전사후 유진자 발한의 조절기전 에 관여한다 HuR은 3' -untranslated regi on에 AU- rich ele rn ents(ARE) 를 지닌 일부 mRNA들(에‘ c- fos, VEGF. COX• 2 동)의 안정화에 기여하여 mRNA의 증가 및 부가적인 딘백발 한을 증가시킨디 HuR 단백 은 이 러한 염증 및 세포성장의 생리적 기전 외에 종양발생과도 관련될 수 있으며 ‘ 유방암 난소 암 및 뇌 종잉 둥에서 f-luR의 발한증가가 보고된 바 있다 두경부 편평 세 포암종 전암성 및 양성 편평세포 병소를 대상으로 HuR의 발현양상을 띤역 조직회학적으로 살펴봄으로써 HuR의 발현이 두경부 펀평세포암종의 발생과 관련될 수 있는지 실펴 보고자 힌다 본 인 구는 80여1 의 두경부 편평세포암종 14 예의 전암성 편평세포병소 및 32 예의 양성 면평세포벙소를 실험대상 으로 이용히였다 두경 부 편평세 포암종은 AJCC(Amcrican Joint Comrnittee on Cancer) 의 분류법에 의한 TNM분류 ， 병리 조 직학적 분화정 도 및 발생부위 별로 구분히였다 면역조직화학적 염색은 mouse anti-HuR monoclonal antibody(ZymeCl Clone 3A2) 와 Envis ion kit (DAKO) 를 이용하였다 염색결괴는 2명의 병리의사가 독립적으로 결과를 평가한 후 x 2 test fol' trends (SPSS‘ ve l'si o n12) 로 통계분석을 행하였다 HuR 염색반응을 핵과 세포질 부위로 구분하여 평가하고 비 교한 결과， 핵 과 세 포질 염색 결 괴 모두 편핑세 포암종 전암성병소. 양성병소에서 유의한 차이경향을 보였으며‘ 편평 세 포암종의 경우 임상벙 기 및 발생부위에 따른 유의 한 치이경향을 보였다 특히 ， 후두에서 발생힌 편평세포암종은 세포질애서 강한 양성반응을 보였 다 본 연구결과， mRNA 안정화 인자인 HuR의 발현 및 세포 내 분포가 두경부 펀평세포암종에서 이상조절 됨 을 보였으며 그 이싱 조절 양상이 두정 부의 부위별로 차이가 있음을 확인하였다 따라서 향후에는 발현이상의 downstream effec ts 및 이} 후와의 관련성에 대힌 연 구기- 추가되어야 할 것은 여져진다