본 연구는 멸종위기종 두점박이사슴벌레의 인공 증식을 위한 산란 특성을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 우화 후 3개월이 지난 두점박이사슴 벌레 성충은 암수 비율이 1: 1 일 때 3주 이상의 교미 기간이 필요하다. 실험 처리온도 16, 20, 24, 28, 및 32°C 중에서 산란전기간은 16℃에서 우화 후 109일로 가장 길었으며, 32°C에서 우화 후 평균 59.4일로 가장 짧았다. 산란수는 24°C에서 암컷 한마리당 평균 40.6개로 가장 많았다. 성충의 평균 수명은 16°C에서 수컷 208.8일, 암컷 263.9일로 가장 길었으며, 32°C에서 수컷 96.1일, 암컷 130.3일로 가장 짧았다. 산란 용기 크기에 따른 두점박이사슴벌레의 산란수는 용기가 클수록 많았다. 사육 시 산란목 설치가 산란수와 산란기간에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는 멸종위기종 두점박이사슴벌레의 복원과 대량 증식을 위한 기초 자료로써 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Osmia cornifrons is a cavity-nesting solitary species used as an apple pollinator in Korea. To elucidate the developmental characteristics of O. cornifrons, we investigated its development from the egg to adulthood, including a dormant prepupal phase and mating through indoor rearing (25 °C, 65% R.H.). The egg durations of the female and male bees were 3.6 ± 0.8 days and 3.1 ± 1.3 days, respectively. During larval development, the head widths of the 1st to 5th instars ranged from 0.7 ± 0.1 mm to 1.3 ± 0.1 mm. The peak of the growth in head width was the 2nd instar. The larval lengths ranged from 3.7 ± 0.6 mm to 13.6 ± 1.3 mm. The peak of growth was the 4th instar. The larval weights ranged from 4.5 ± 1.2 mg to 78.3 ± 16.1 mg. The peak of growth was the 3rd instars. The total larval durations of from the 1st to 5th instars for the females and males were 14.0 ± 6.0 days and 13.2 ± 5.8 days, respectively. The spinning durations of the females and males were 2.2 ± 0.7 days and 2.3 ± 0.8 days, the prepupation durations were 55.5 ± 5.9 days and 55.8 ± 2.9 days, and the pupation durations were 26.4 ± 2.1 days and 25.3 ± 2.3 days, respectively. The average longevity of the female adults and male adults was 21.8 ± 8.7 days and 24.4 ± 12.4 days, respectively. The total duration of from the egg to an adult bee of the O. cornifrons females and males was 123.5 days and 124.1 days, respectively. Mating consisted of the three following phases: the precopulatory (courtship and attempting copulation), copulation and postcopulatory phases. The mating times of the precopulatory, copulation and postcopulatory phases were 159.6 ± 288.9, 8.4 ± 7.1, 12.9 ± 4.5, and 198.8 ± 69.8 seconds.

버섯 재배지에 있어서 주요 해충인 Sciarid fly(Lycoriella sp.)의 생활사와 발육단계별 특성을 조사하였다. 버섯 파리는 팽이버섯(Flammulina velutipes) 균사를 먹이로 공급하고 , 555% 습도, 16L:8D 조건의 항온기에서 누대 사육하였다. 버섯 파리의 알은 직경 0.17 mm, 길이 0.27 mm의 타원형으로 알 기간은 평균 4일이었다. 1령으로부터 3령까지 유충의 체장은 각각 0.7, 1.5와 4.5 mm이었고, 평균 체중은 각각 1.9, 15.4와 9 93.6 이었다. 4령기 유충의 암컷과 수컷은 체장, 마디 크기 및 처1중에 의해 형태적 특정으로 뚜렷하게 구별 할 수 있었다. 4령유충 암컷의 평균 체장과 제중이 각각 5 mm와 162 이었고 수컷은 체장이 3.5 mm, 체중이 90 으로 조사 되었고, 유충 기간은 암컷이 13.5일, 수컷이 13일이였다. 번데기 기간의 암컷과 수컷의 체장은 각각 3.5와 2.7 mm로 나타났으며 평균 체중은 각각 136 과 65으로 암수간 차이가 현저하였다. 성충은 용화 이후 암컷이 5.5일, 수컷은 5일 경과한 후 우화하였고, 성충 기간은 암컷이 평균 5일 수컷은 7일이었다. 암컷의 체중은 수컷보다 2배 이상 높은 것으로 조사되었고, 교미 후 암컷은 130에서 150개의 알을 버섯 균사 위와 속에 산란하였다. 이상의 결과로, 버섯 파리 암컷과 수컷의 경과 일수는 각각 평균 29일 과 213일로 조사되었다.

This study describes results on sexual maturation and characteristics of natural spawned eggs to develop a method for the production of stable, healthy fertilized eggs from captive-reared yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. A total of 59 yellowtail kingfish were captured off the coast of Jeju Island, after which the broodstock was cultured in indoor culture tank (100 m3) until they were 6.1–14.9 kg in body weight. As part of the rearing management for induced sex maturation, the intensity of illumination was maintained at 130 lux. The photoperiod (light/dark; L/D) was set to a 12 L/12 D from October 2013 to January 2014, and 15 L/9 D from February 2014 to June 2014. Feeds comprised mainly EP (Extruded Pellets), with squid cuttlefish added for improvement of egg quality, and was given from April to June 2014. The first spawning of yellowtail kingfish occurred in May 3, 2014, at a water temperature of 17.0°C. Spawning continued until June 12, 2014, with the water temperature set at 20.5°C. Time of spawning was 26 times at this period. The total number of eggs that spawned during the spawning period was 4,449×103. The buoyant rate of spawning eggs and fertilization rate of buoyant eggs during the spawned period were 76.1% and 100%, respectively. The diameters of the egg and oil globule were 1.388 ± 0.041 mm and 0.378 ± 0.029 mm, respectively, which was higher in early eggs than in those from late during the spawned period.

Post-thawed larval rearing in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas was performed to investigate the survival rate with time course in three kinds of larvae cryopreserved. The highest survival rate and larval activity index (LAI) of post-thawed larvae were obtained from the permeation in 0.2 M sucrose and 2.0 M ethylene glycol (EG) at －1℃/min in freezing speed showing the survival rates just after thawing of 63.8% in trochophore, 84.1% in D-shaped veliger and 56.3% in early umbo veliger. In post-thawed larval rearing with food supply, the larvae lasted their lives until 24 hours in trochophore, 75 hours in D-shaped veliger and 57 hours in early umbo veliger. The results suggested that each larval stage post-thawed revealed no more further development to subsequent respective stage.