This study aimed to explore the role of inference making in the relation between vocabulary knowledge (breadth and depth) and reading comprehension for 487 ninthgrade Chinese EFL students who were categorized as either struggling or adequate. Path analysis was used to examine both direct and mediated effects. The results indicated a statistically significant indirect effect of vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension, mediated by inference making, for the entire participant group. However, there were notable differences between the struggling and adequate readers, as evidenced by distinct path diagrams. For struggling readers, the indirect effect of vocabulary breadth on reading comprehension through inference making was significant, while that of vocabulary depth was not significant. For adequate readers, both vocabulary breadth and depth directly explained reading comprehension. These results are discussed in the EFL context, encompassing assessment and instructional implications for EFL readers with varying levels of reading abilities.

본 연구는 범주속성들이 공통원인 혹은 공통효과 인과 네트워크로 연결되었을 때 인과강도에 따른 속성추론을 검증했다. 인과범주에서 속성추론을 검증한 기존 연구들은 인과관계의 방향, 연결된 속성의 개수, 원인 혹은 결과의 여부 등에 따라 고유한 추론 패턴이 나타남을 보여주었다. 다만 기존 연구들은 인과관계에 따른 추론패턴을 주로 탐색했으며 인과관계의 효과가 인과강도에 따라 어떤 변화를 보이는지 확인한 연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구에서 는 공통원인(실험 1), 공통효과(실험 2) 네트워크에서 인과강도에 따른 속성추론을 검증했다. 이를 위해 참가자들에 게 속성들이 인과적 관련성을 가지는 범주를 학습하게 한 다음 속성추론 과제를 실시하도록 했다. 실험 결과 인과관 계 뿐만 아니라 인과강도 역시 속성추론에 중요한 영향을 미쳤다. 인과강도가 강할 떄 공통원인 속성에 대해서는 추론이 약해진 반면 공통효과 속성에 대해서는 추론이 강해졌다. 또한 인과강도가 강할 때 공통원인이 존재하는 경 우 결과속성들에 대한 추론이 강해진 반면 공통효과에서는 반대의 결과가 나타났다. 특히 공통효과에서는 인과강도 가 강할 때 인과적 절감이 더 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 이 결과들은 인과적 범주에서의 속성추론에서 참가자들은 인과관 계 뿐만 아니라 인과강도를 고려한다는 것을 일관성있게 보여준다.

Markov envelope as a theoretical solution of the parabolic wave equation with Markov approximation for the von Kármán type random medium is studied and approximated with the convolution of two probability density functions (pdf) of normal and gamma distributions considering the previous studies on the applications of Radiative Transfer Theory (RTT) and the analysis results of earthquake records. Through the approximation with gamma pdf, the constant shape parameter of 2 was determined regardless of the source distance ro. This finding means that the scattering process has the property of an inhomogeneous single-scattering Poisson process, unlike the previous studies, which resulted in a homogeneous multiple-scattering Poisson process. Approximated Markov envelope can be treated as the normalized mean square (MS) envelope for ground acceleration because of the flat source Fourier spectrum. Based on such characteristics, the path duration is estimated from the approximated MS envelope and compared to the empirical formula derived by Boore and Thompson. The results clearly show that the path duration increases proportionately to ro 1/2-ro 2, and the peak value of the RMS envelope is attenuated by exp (-0.0033ro), excluding the geometrical attenuation. The attenuation slope for ro≤100 km is quite similar to that of effective attenuation for shallow crustal earthquakes, and it may be difficult to distinguish the contribution of intrinsic attenuation from effective attenuation. Slowly varying dispersive delay, also called the medium effect, represented by regular pdf, governs the path duration for the source distance shorter than 100 km. Moreover, the diffraction term, also called the distance effect because of scattering, fully controls the path duration beyond the source distance of 300 km and has a steep gradient compared to the medium effect. Source distance 100-300 km is a transition range of the path duration governing effect from random medium to distance. This means that the scattering may not be the prime cause of peak attenuation and envelope broadening for the source distance of less than 200 km. Furthermore, it is also shown that normal distribution is appropriate for the probability distribution of phase difference, as asserted in the previous studies.

개념과 범주는 관찰하지 못한 속성을 추론할 수 있는 기반을 제공한다. 무의미 속성을 사용한 범주기반 속성추론 연구들은 범주 및 속성의 유사성이 추론을 설명하는 핵심 요인이라는 것을 제안했다(Rips, 1975; Osherson et al., 1990). 이후 연구들은 사람들의 사전지식이 범주기반 추론에 막대한 영향을 미치며 심지어 유사성 효과가 완전히 사라지는 경우도 있음을 보고했다. 본 연구는 범주 속성들이 사전지식의 한 종류인 인과적 지식에 의해 사슬구조로 연결되었을 때의 범주기반 속성추론을 검증했으며 그 결과를 예측하는 속성추론모형을 제안했다. 참가자들은 네 개의 속성들이 사슬구조를 이루는 인과적 범주를 학습한 뒤 해당 범주의 다양한 범주 예시들의 숨겨진 속성에 대한 추론을 실시했다. 그 결과 인과적으로 직접 연결된 속성뿐만 아니라 다른 속성 노드에 의해 차폐된 속성들도 추론에 영향을 미치는 비독립성이 나타났다(인과적 마코프 조건의 위배). 인과모형이론(Sloman, 2005)에 기반한 속성추론모 형을 적용하여 참가자들의 추론을 모델링한 결과 인과적 연결의 직접 효과뿐만 아니라 간접 효과 즉 인과추론의 비독립성도 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 다만 간접적으로 연결된 속성들은 인과적 거리와 무관하게 참가자들의 추론 평정에 동일하게 영향을 미쳤지만 모형은 거리가 멀어짐에 따라 추론에 미치는 영향이 작아짐을 예측했다.

The slip-weakening model developed by Ohnaka and Yamashita is extended over the breakdown zone by equating the scaling relationships for the breakdown zone and the whole rupture area. For the extension, the study uses the relationship between rupture velocity and radiation efficiency, which was derived in the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and the definition of fmax given in the specific barrier model proposed by Papageorgiou and Aki. The results clearly show that the extended scaling relationship is governed by the ratio of rupture velocity to S wave velocity, and the velocity ratio can be determined by the ratio of characteristic frequencies of a Fourier amplitude spectrum, which are corner frequency, fc, and source-controlled cut-off frequency, fmax, or vice versa. The derived relationship is tested by using the characteristic frequencies extracted from previous studies of more than 130 shallow crustal events (focal depth less than 25 km, MW 3.0~7.5) that occurred in Japan. Under the assumption of a dynamic similarity, the rupture velocity estimated from fmax/fc and the modified integral timescale give quite similar scale-dependence of the rupture area to that given by Kanamori and Anderson. Also, the results for large earthquakes show good agreement to the values from a kinematic inversion in previous studies. The test results also indicate the unavailability of the spectral self-similarity proposed by Aki because of the scale-dependent rupture velocity and the rupture velocity-dependent fmax/fc; however, the results do support the local similarity asserted by Ohnaka. It is also remarkable that the relationship between the rupture velocity and fmax/fc is quite similar to Kolmogorov’s hypothesis on a similarity in the theory of isotropic turbulence.

사망시간 예측은 시신의 특징만으로 정확히 측정하기 힘들다. 또한 측정 지점에 따라 곤충의 종류가 달라 다른 지역의 결과를 적용하기 어렵다. 그래서 생물체의 사체에 몰려드는 곤충, 특히 파리류의 성체와 유충을 분석하여 사망시간을 측정하고자 했다. 그래서 전라남도 나주시 오강리에서 사후에 시간에 따라 사체에 몰려드는 곤충 특히 파리류의 성체 종류와 알에서 부화한 후 유충의 발생으로 사망시간을 계산하고자 했다. 돼지 생간을 2018년 9월 5일 평균 최고 온도 21℃, 평균 최저 온도 15℃인 체육관 뒤 공터에 방치했다. 약 10시간 후 근처에 검정파리(Calliphora vomitoria), 금파리(Lucilia caesar Linnaeus), 초파리(Drosophila), 파리매(Promachus yesonicus)가 모여들었으며, 약 30시간 후 검정파리(Calliphora vomitoria)로 예상되는 알이 놓인 것을 확인하였다. 알이 부화된 후 정기적으로 유충을 채집하여 기문의 개수로 1령, 2령, 3령을 구분하였다. 이를 통해 사후시간에 따른 유충의 성장정보를 수집하였다. 정보를 바탕으로 재실험을 진행하여 하루마다 유충의 상태로 간이 놓인 시간을 측정하였다. 오차는 1~1.5일 정도로 확인하였다. 또한, 유충이 부화한 후 시기에 따라 모여드는 곤충의 종이 점차 달라져 추측한 시간의 근거가 되는 것을 확인했다.

This study attempts to investigate consumers’ perceptual process of influencer advertising and its impact on brand attitude formation on social media. Perceived congruence between the influencer and the product and sponsorship disclosure are manipulated as key independent variables. In so doing, this study examines whether consumers can infer two types of motives (affective vs. calculative) from different levels of perceived congruence (high vs. low) and sponsorship disclosure (present vs. absent). The impact of multiple motive inference on brand attitude is also examined in this study. The result indicates that perceived congruence of influencer and posting has a significant effect on the affective motive inference. When the posting is perceived to be relevant to and expected from the influencer, the participants infer the affective motive of the influencer. However, the participants do not infer calculative motives from the incongruent posting of the influencer. As native advertising can obfuscate the boundary between editorial and commercial contents (Conill, 2016), perceived congruence is significant to successfully cover the posting as a natural posting by influencer and induce affective motive inference. In addition, the disclosure of sponsorship did not reveal any effect on the calculative and the affective motive inferences. Even though the disclosure of sponsorship can make viewers recognize an advertising intent (Boerman, Willemsen, & Van Der Aa, 2017), the message did not induce motives inference behind it. It is significant to investigate whether there are intervening variables that moderate the linkage between sponsorship disclosure and motive inference processing. Furthermore, affective motive inference impacted the attitude for the brand whereas calculative motive inference exerted no significant effect. These findings suggest that when the product promoted in influencer advertising is congruent with the influencer, consumers form positive attitude toward the brand through affective inference processing. To successfully implement influencer advertising, marketers should design a content congruent with the influencer’s original postings and encourage audience to engage in affective motive processing.

Currently, only limited number of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenome) is available from Odonata. In order to extend current mitogenome data for comparative biology and phylogeny we sequenced complete mitogenomes of two endangered dragonfly species, Libellula angelina and Nannophya pygmaea (Ododana: Libellulidae). The whole genomes were 15,233 bp in L. angelina and 15,112 bp in N. pygmaea and included a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one major non-coding A+T-rich region. The arrangement of the genomes was identical to typical one found in insects. Phylogenetic reconstruction using concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and two rRNAs of Odonata (17 species in eight families in three suborders) using both Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods have shown a strong support for monophyletic Zygoptera (BI, BPP = 1 and ML, 100%). Currently, further scrutinized analysis is under progress.

This paper explores Korean EFL students’ test-taking strategy use in gap-filling inference items of the College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT) through retrospective think-aloud protocols. Eight college freshmen participated in this study, and verbally reported the process of answering three gap-filling inference items in their L1. Students with higher proficiency levels tended to use language learner strategies with more variety, while students of lower levels often relied on familiar words and distractors as avoidance strategies. Also, the position of the gap in each item had an effect on the order and portions of reading. Unusual reading patterns were more frequently found from those who checked the gap first, when the gap was located in the middle or at the end of the passage. To foster positive washback effect of the test items on learning, this paper suggests that teachers encourage students to effectively employ language learner strategies in order to comprehend the text rather than rely on test-wiseness.

The purpose of this study was to develop English writing instruction models in order to improve 1st grade high school students’ writing ability under the communicative framework. A writing pattern ‘describing pictures and making an inference’ was utilized to develop writing instruction models and lesson plans. In order to accommodate a wider range of teachers’ needs in high school, the study took into consideration two teaching conditions, learner proficiency levels (high, mid, and low) and skill integration (listening, writing, and reading, writing) in the development process. A total of five English writing instruction models and lesson plans for different teaching conditions were developed using two chapters extracted from two textbooks. The characteristics of the newly developed models and lesson plans were provided so that teachers can easily modify them for their own needs in the practice. Further, the writing pattern ‘describing pictures and making an inference’ turned out to be quite adaptable to real teaching conditions and seemed to contribute to enhancing students’ creativity as well as their writing skills. At the end, study limitations were discussed.

This study examined the effects of teaching contextual inference and word association strategies on 5th grade elementary school students' vocabulary knowledge development. A total of 56 students participated in the current study, as divided into either the contextual inference group or the word association group. The vocabulary proficiency levels of the participants were also considered and the students in each group were further divided into either the upper level group or the lower level group. The participants experienced six treatment sessions, and in each session they had to study five vocabulary items using each of the two vocabulary learning strategies. The posttest and delayed posttest results indicated that both strategies were effective for the vocabulary knowledge development of the upper level group as well as the lower level group. Some possible implications for elementary school English classrooms in Korea are discussed.

본 연구는 보다 정확한 텍스트의 감성 분석을 위해 새로운 감성 특징인 감성 패턴을 제안하고, 이를 이용한 영화평 평점 추론에 대해 소개한다. 텍스트 감성 분석은 텍스트에 포함된 감성인 긍정과 부정을 인식하고 분류 하는 작업으로, 이를 위해 감성 특징인 감성 단어와 구문 패턴을 이용한다. 텍스트 내에 존재하는 감성 단어와 구문 패턴의 감성을 통해 텍스트 전체의 감성을 분류하는 것이다. 하지만, 기존 감성 분석은 감성 단어와 구문 패턴의 감성을 독립적으로 고려하기 때문에 문장 혹은 글 전체의 감성 정보를 정확히 파악하기 어렵다는 한계를 가지고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구는 기존 감성 특징들을 독립적으로 고려하는 것뿐만 아니라 문장 내에서 출현하는 감성들을 의미적으로 연결하여 하나의 패턴으로 정의한 감성 패턴을 제안하고, 감성 분석의 세부 연구 주제 인 평점 추론에 감성 패턴을 새로운 감성 특징으로 사용하였다. 제안하는 감성 패턴의 효과를 검증하기 위해 영 화평에 대한 평점 추론 실험을 수행하였다. 감성 패턴을 포함한 모든 감성 특징들을 사전에 정의한 학습 영화평 들로부터 추출하고, 이를 확률 기법을 이용해 실험 영화평들의 평점을 추론하였다. 그 결과 감성 패턴을 사용하 였을 경우 기존 감성 특징들만 사용했을 때 보다 추론한 평점이 더욱 정확함을 확인하였다.