This study investigated primary teachers’ knowledge of pronunciation instruction, and its manifestation in classroom practices in Korean EFL contexts. To this end, the questionnaire data collected from 47 teachers were quantitatively analyzed. The emerging themes from 5 teachers’ interviews were qualitatively analyzed, based on content analysis. Findings revealed that they had an appropriate knowledge base of pronunciation teaching, equipped with the better understanding of content knowledge (CK), followed by pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and technical pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). No statistically significant difference was found in teachers’ knowledge between males and females, and also between the 4 groups with different teaching experience. They manifested their knowledge mainly acquired from the past course lectures into classroom practices, employing controlled and free practices such as listening and repeating, shadowing, songs, chants, games, and role play, including different types of corrective feedback. Most notably, they integrated role play effectively into classroom practices to improve young learners’ pronunciation in interestprovoking and enjoyable ways.

홍콩에서 어문교육에 종사하는 사람들은 계속하여 한자의 자와 어휘의 정량 분석, 학습과 응용에 관심을 가져왔다. 홍콩교육국 과정발전처에서는 2011년 인터넷 학습 데이터베이스인 ｢香港中文學習字詞表｣ http://www.edbchinese.hk/lexlist/와 ｢中英對照香港學校中文學習基礎字詞｣ http://www.edbchinese.hk/lexlist_en/를 개발하였다. 이는 지난 30여년 동안의 연구의 결과물이었다. 1990년, 홍콩과정발전 의회는 小學中國語文科課程綱要와 부록小學常用字表, 연이어 소학교 단계 에서 배워야 할 2600자를 발표하였고, 1996년에는 홍콩교육부에서小學教學參考詞語表(試用)를 공포하였는데, 여기에는 6,765개 어휘가 수록되어 있다. 2003년에 는 홍콩이공대학에서 홍콩교육부의 위임을 받아 소학교용 교육용 한자표와 참고 어휘표를 제작하였고, 연구팀은 이 기존의 연구 기초 위에서 최신의 코퍼스 자료 6,520,000자로 증가시켜 이를 통해 새로운 어휘표를 도출해내어 최종적으로 9,706 개의 어휘를 확정하였다. 비한족 학생들의 중국어 교육을 돕기 위해 영문 주석을 첨가하였다. 본문은 이러한 홍콩의 공공 인터넷 자료를 소개하는데서 시작하여, 어떻게 하면 더욱 풍부한 멀티미디어 기술을 활용하며, 전자 사전학, 전산 응용 언어학, 컴퓨터 기술을 종합 응용하여 심도있고, 확장되며 효과적인 한자교육 사이트를 구성할 수 있을까를 논의하였다.

香港教育局課程發展處在2011年開發了網上漢字學習資源如“香港中文學習字詞表”http://www.edbchinese.hk/lexlist/和“中英對照香港學校中文學習基礎字詞” http://www.edbchinese.hk/lexlist_en/。這是積累了多年的研究成果。1990 年，香港課程發展議會公佈《小學中國語文科課程綱要》，附錄《小學常用字表》，列出了 小學階段要學會的2,600 字；1996 年，香港教育署公佈《小學教學參考詞語表(試用)》，收錄了6,765 個詞語。2003 年，香港理工大學受香港教育統籌局委託，研製供小學教學用的字表和參考詞語表。研究小組在已有的研究基礎上，增加最新的語料達 6,520,000 字，從而得出新的詞表，最終確定收錄9,706 個詞語。為了協助非華裔的學生學習中文，又增加了英語注釋。本文從介紹這些香港官方的網路資源開始，進一步探討如何以豐富的多媒體形式、增強的漢字知識庫和應用語料語言學的形式增進漢字教學的深度、廣度和效度。

Intelligent machines respond to external environments on the basis of decisions that are made by sensing the changes in the environment and analyzing the obtained information. This study focuses on the construction of a knowledge base which enables decision making with that information. Approximately 70% of all errors that occur in machine tools are caused by thermal error. In order to proactive deal with these errors, a system which measures the temperature of each part and predicts and compensates the displacement of each axis has been developed. The system was built in an open type controller to enable machine tools to measure temperature changes and compensate the displacement. The construction of a machining knowledge base is important for the implementation of intelligent machine tools, and is expected to be applicable to the network based intelligent machine tools which look set to appear sooner or later.