This study aims to analyze the traditional attire of four ethnic minority groups in Northeastern China: Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen, and Hezhen, considering their natural environment, lifestyles, and cultural influences. A literature review of academic papers, books, and online resources was conducted, along with indirect investigations through artifacts. The Daur people, being equestrian, have garments with deep slits, vibrant colors, and elaborate decorations. The Ewenki people wear clothes made of fabric in the summer and primarily deer skin in the winter, and their clothing is simple and not flashy. The Oroqen people’s clothing typically has slits at the front, back, or on both sides, and they wear a waist belt. The Hezhen people, an ethnic group that primarily hunts and fishes, wear two-piece clothing with a hip-length top and pants or other fur-trimmed garments. All groups incorporate symbolic patterns influenced by Shamanism, along with animal headgear and leather shoes. We observed that the traditional costumes of ethnic minority groups in Northeastern China share many commonalities in form, but there are detailed differences in material, shape, color, and decoration due to unique geographical and climatic characteristics as well as differences in livelihood. Additionally, the structure of clothing varies depending on each tribe’s shamanistic practices and lifestyle.

This study investigated primary teachers’ knowledge of pronunciation instruction, and its manifestation in classroom practices in Korean EFL contexts. To this end, the questionnaire data collected from 47 teachers were quantitatively analyzed. The emerging themes from 5 teachers’ interviews were qualitatively analyzed, based on content analysis. Findings revealed that they had an appropriate knowledge base of pronunciation teaching, equipped with the better understanding of content knowledge (CK), followed by pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and technical pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). No statistically significant difference was found in teachers’ knowledge between males and females, and also between the 4 groups with different teaching experience. They manifested their knowledge mainly acquired from the past course lectures into classroom practices, employing controlled and free practices such as listening and repeating, shadowing, songs, chants, games, and role play, including different types of corrective feedback. Most notably, they integrated role play effectively into classroom practices to improve young learners’ pronunciation in interestprovoking and enjoyable ways.

최근 GPS에 기반한 위치 수집 기술의 발전과 스마트폰과 같은 GPS를 탑재한 디바이스의 폭발적인 증가로 사람, 차량, 선박, 항공체와 같은 움직이는 물체의 지리적 위치에 대한 엄청난 양의 데이터가 실시간으로 수집되고 있다. 이는 사물의 움직임과 관련된 중요한 학문적 및 실용적 가치를 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 데이터를 분석하기 위한 데이터 마이닝 방법 또한 함께 발전하고 있으며 연구자들은 궤적 데이터를 활용하여 도시에서 일어나는 이동 현상과 도시를 구성하는 장소 간의 관계 등을 탐색함으로써 다양한 도시 문제에 대한 해결방안을 제시하고 있다. 궤적은 다양한 물체의 움직임을 추적할 수 있는 만큼 그 활용 분야와 목적 역시 매우 다양하여 도시 계획, 교통, 행동생태학, 공공안전, 이상 및 위반 탐지, 감시 등과 같은 분야에서 널리 활용되고 있다. 특히 최근 데이터 마이닝 방법론과 딥러닝 기술의 발전으로 궤적 데이터 분석에 다양한 분석방법이 융합적으로 접목되어 의미 있는 연구결과 도출되고 있어 이에 대한 체계적 분석이 필요하다. 이러한 배경하에 본 연구는 궤적 데이터를 활용한 국내외 약 150여 편의 연구를 응용분야 및 활용방법론 별로 구분하고, 응용분야별, 궤적 데이터 분석 방법론별 최근 동향을 분석하였다. 이는 향후 궤적 데이터에 적용가능한 방법론 탐색, 궤적 데이터 분석과 관련된 구체적 사례 탐색, 궤적 데이터를 활용한 응용서비스 도출의 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

보행환경은 개인의 영역이자 공공 공간으로서 시민들의 일상생활에 매우 중요한 요소이다. 보행환경의 중요성이 인지되면서 국가적 차원에서도 보행환경 실태조사를 전국 지자체가 5년마다 시행하도록 법으로 규정하는 등 체계적인 실태조사가 필요한 실정이다. 하지만 보행환경에 대한 실태조사는 일부 지역을 대상으로 현장 조사에 의지하는 등 실태조사 방법론에 있어서는 기존의 한계를 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 고해상도 거리 영상과 딥러닝 기술을 활용한 보행환경 평가 지표 개발을 목표로 하였다. 보행환경 평가 지표 개발을 위해 보행환경 평가와 관련된 국내외 문헌 및 딥러닝 기술을 활용한 보행환경 평가 연구를 리뷰를 토대로 보행환경 평가 지표 초안을 개발하고, 도출된 보행환경 평가 지표의 구체적 데이터 구축 가능성을 확인하기 위해 거리 영상의 시멘틱 세그멘테이션(semantic segmentation) 결과 정확도와 영상 외 필요한 자료에 대한 취득 가능성을 검토한 후 최종 보행환경 평가 지표를 제안하였다. 도출된 보행환경 평가 지표는 안전성, 편리성, 쾌적성, 접근성 4개 카테고리에 8개 지표를 활용하는 것을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 현장 관찰 조사나 설문조사에 기반한 기존 보행환경 연구의 한계점을 탈피하고 고해상도 거리 영상과 딥러닝 기술을 활용한 도시 연구의 지능화 계기를 마련하고 보행환경 평가 업무를 보다 효율적으로 수행할 수 있는 초석이 될 것으로 기대한다.

The degree and intensity of unpleasant and disgusting odors perceived through a person's sense of smell can vary depending on personal or social and cultural characteristics. In addition, it is not effective to manage odors solely on the basis of concentration levels because odors can be combined according to temperature, humidity, and frequency, so that they can be recognized differently even if the same person smells the same substance. The mobile odor application was developed to enable real time monitoring of odor characteristics reflecting the actual condition of the field. Accordingly, the Green Future Foundation, a civic group, conducted an environmental campaign to record and share the information of odors in school zone using the first version of the application. The real time monitoring of field odor was able to improve the problems of the current standard methods for the examination and assessment of odors. However, with regard to the first version of the application, the process and results of odor recording through odor measurement applied the direct olfactory method and were less relevant. Therefore, it was difficult to organize data due to duplicate selection. For that reason, this study was conducted to overcome the problems of the first version of the mobile application and to effectively and accurately reflect odors and personal characteristics. This odor application that has been developed is able to monitor and assess odors based on 5 features: classification, character, strength level, hedonic tone, and acceptability.

This study investigated the odor dilution rate at 15 locations around three schools in Seoul using an onsite olfactometer. In addition, odor intensity, odor quality, and hedonic tone by direct sensory method were measured along with measurement of the field odor dilution rate, and instrument analysis using odor sensor array and TD-GC was also measured. Onsite olfactometer measurements show that only one of the three schools measured odors exceeding the strict emission acceptance standard of 10 at three points. The average odor intensity at each point measured by the direct sensory method of five persons was in the range of 2.7 to 0.3. The difference in the number of odor dilution rates around schools in Seoul could be related to the level of income by region. The odor environment around each school was judged to be well managed in areas with higher income levels, indicating a lower odor dilution rate. The correlation coeffcient between the odor intensity measured by the direct sensory method and the onsite olfactometer was 0.79, indicating high correlation. The correlation coefficient of sensor array and TD-GC toward the odor intensity was -0.28 and 0.02, respectively. This suggests that a method based on a person's sense of smell should be introduced when measuring low-level odor dilution rates in non-industrial areas, such as school zones.

This study examined factors that influence purchase intention of ethically produced fashion products. Theory of Reasoned Action was used to understand consumer attitude formation and purchase intention of ethically produced fashion products. Two unique variables were studied (environmental awareness, environmental concern) with the consumer attitude toward the purchase intention of ethically produced products. The influence of subjective norms on purchase intention was also examined. The results showed the influence of environmental concern on both attitude and purchase intention along with the influence of attitude on purchase intention. The findings of this study contribute to the body of the existing knowledge in the area of ethical production by providing explanations and a broad understanding of the factors that influence purchase intention of ethically produced fashion products. The results will also provide insight to firms wanting to effectively convey pro-environmental efforts to consumers that will help branding, positioning, and potential sales increase.

Autophagy is recently receiving the spotlight as the development strategy for promising anticancer drugs. In particular, the majority of anticancer drugs originating from natural products are known to induce autophagy. Saururus chinensis has been used for treating various inflammatory diseases. Recent research has revealed that the extract of Saururus chinensis possess cytotoxicity for various types of human cancer cells. However, the exact action mechanism of Saururus chinensis extract for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been studied yet. Therefore, the authors of this research aim to study the effect of methanol extract of S. chinensis (MESC) on OSCC cells. To observe the cell proliferation inhibitory effect of MESC on HSC3 cells, the authors conducted the trypan blue exclusion assay. Also, the action mechanism of MESC was studied by conducting the cell cycle analysis, acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) staining and flow cytometry analysis, monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, propidium iodide staining, and Western blotting on MESC-treated HSC3 cells. When HSC3 cells were treated in MESC, the cell proliferation was suppressed in time-dependent and dose-dependent manners. Also, the number of sub-G1 arrested cells increased in a dose-dependent manner. MDC punctate and AVO puncta significantly increased respectively. Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of autophagy-related proteins increased, but apoptotic proteins were not observed. Also, the pAkt protein was reduced, while the p-p38 protein and pERK protein increased. According to our results, MESC induced autophagy and accompanied changes in the cell cycle in HSC3 cells. Also, the alteration in Akt, ERK, and p38 pathways were confirmed. This result suggested the possibility of MESC as the new promising adjuvant for treating OSCC patients.

As brands’ use of social media to connect with customers becomes increasingly important, there is a need to continually monitor and examine activities in social networks. An important aspect of the social network communications is its unique ways of concentrating and dispersing information among participants (actors) – density and centrality of the network. By looking at both density and centrality, the relationships among actors and their ability to influence others are revealed, allowing deeper understanding into networked behaviors. In this manner, examining whole and ego network patterns, the unique roles of individual actors, can provide brands significant insight in understanding how influencers form and how users connect and spread information. Based on the social network analysis, which represents a combination of theory and analytical methods of networked relationships, this study analyzed Twitter networks of two multi-brand cosmetics and beauty retailers, Sephora (global brand) and Ulta Beauty (U.S. domestic brand). Using NodeXL, daily Twitter data for both brands were gathered to investigate network activities. By examining both ego-networks and the whole networks, the results showed that while ego-networks for brands were quite similar to one another, there was a big difference between the ego-networks and whole networks in regards to the number of actors, type of connectivity, as well as the prominence of brands. Sephora was often not an important part of its hashtag network, and thus was not able to maintain strong control over communications and messages in these networks whereas Ulta maintained its control over its networks. The findings from analyzing these network patterns, the unique roles of individual actors, and the brands within the networks provide significant insights in understanding how influencers form and develop the ability to connect and spread information.

오늘날 우리나라 교육이 창의융합 교육을 강조하고 있음에도 불구하고 창의융합 교육의 중요 요소로서 공간정보기술에 대한 인식은 매우 낮으며 학교 현장에서 공간정보기술을 활용한 교육이 시행되기에는 그 여건이 매우 열악하다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 과 공간정보기술을 활용하여 수업모듈을 개발하고 개발한 수업모듈의 적용을 통해 그 교육적 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 스마트폰과 공간정보기술을 활용한 우리 지역 소음지도 만들기 수업모듈을 개발하였다. 이어서 개발한 수업모 듈을 정규수업, 자율동아리 활동, 창의적 체험활동 프로그램 등 다양한 수업형태에 적용하였다. 적용 결과, 우리 지역에 대한 관심, 공간정보기술 관련 지식, 공간정보기술 활용능력 세 가지 영역에서 모두 유의미한 긍정적 변화를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 학생들과 교사 모두 스마트폰과 공간정보기술을 활용한 수업에 대해 흥미와 효용성 등의 측면에서 긍정적으로 평가하는 것을 알 수 있었다

The fruit of Kochia scoparia Scharder is traditionally used as a medicinal ingredient to treat allergic skin diseases and inflammatory diseases in China, Japan and Korea. Recently, several studies reported that K. scoparia had potential for the cytotoxicity of human cancer cells. To investigate the anti-cancer effect of K. scoparia on oral cancer and to determine the specific type of cell death induced by MEKS treatment. We investigated the anti-cancer effects of K. scoparia, methanol extract (MEKS) in HSC4 human oral cancer cells. We examined the effects of MEKS on the proliferation rate, cell cycle arrest, 7-AAD-ANNEXIN V double stain, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activation of apoptosis and necroptosis-associated proteins in HSC4 cells. MTT assay results demonstrated that MEKS decreased the proliferation rates of HSC4 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 45.3 μg/ml. MEKS at 50 μg/ml significantly increased the sub-G1 DNA contents of HSC4 cells to 84.8%, versus untreated cells. However, the activation of apoptosis-associated proteins such as cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 8, cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) did not detect. The level of Bax protein markedly increased in MEKS-treated HSC4 cells. In addition, the cell viability of the DPQ pre-treated HSC4 cells with MEKS treatment was significantly greater than that of MEKS treated-cells. These results suggest that MEKS inhibits cell proliferation and induces necroptosis in oral cancer cells and that MEKS may have potential chemotherapeutic value for the treatment of human oral cancer.

Visfatin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is thought to play a central role in systemic inflammation and the pathogenesis of obesity related diseases. Only a few studies investigated the effect of visfatin on human cancers. Furthermore, there have been no studies on the association between the expression of visfatin in OSCC tissue and its effect on OSCC patients. Hence, the present study analyzed the expression of visfatin in OSCC from Korean patients. Immunohistochemistry for visfatin was performed using 12 normal oral mucosas (NOM), 16 oral leukoplakias (with/without dysplasia), and 58 OSCC patients samples. Immunoreactivity was semi-quantitatively scored and the correlation between the expression of visfatin and clinicopathological parameters of OSCC patients was analyzed. The immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression level of visfatin increased in OSCC alone (p<0.05). Moreover, the immunoexpression score of visfatin was significantly correlated with TNM stage of OSCC patients. Our findings suggested that visfatin can play a certain role in the pathogenesis of OSCC. In addition, visfatin was associated with the tumor progression of OSCC patients and may act as independent biomarker of OSCC.

Social media users today have become active producers of information but how sharing brand-related information affects the attitude of other users is an important and unexplored path. Narayan et al. (2011) mentioned that User’s attitude towards the brand is shaped not just by the attributes of the products but also the preferences of other consumers, such as peers. Zhu et al. (2012), through their study concluded, user’s opinions significantly sway other user’s own choices or are likely to reverse their attitudes. Dawson et al. (1990) have supported that delivering experiences that are pleasurable and relevant will linger in the memory and influence the user’s attitudes and purchase intentions. Although previous studies researched the attitude of the users towards social media advertising, the effect of social media advertising on the user’s attitude towards the brand is yet to be examined. By applying the Uses & Gratification theory, stimulus-Organism-Response theory and the Theory of Reasoned Action, this study aims at evaluating the effects of information sharing, peer pressure, entertainment and emotional connection in a social media setting on the user’s attitude toward a brand present in social media thereby influencing their purchase intentions from the brand. An online survey was developed using items adopted from previous study and administered to college students, who are regular users of social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Of 271 valid responses, 21% were males and 79% were females. Multiple regression analyses results supported all hypotheses. The results are consistent with the previous research, confirming user’s choice of media is influenced by their information seeking, entertainment and status needs (Tan, 198). Marketing via social media may offer content that have specific relevance or may offer entertainment for users (Chi, 2011) and may result in the establishment of an emotional connection with the brand. The more frequently brands interact with the users/fans/followers, the stronger will be the emotional connection which will affect the user’s purchase intentions from the brand. MaKenzie, Lutz & Belch (1986) in their study supported that the marketing patterns can influence the attitude of the users towards the brands which in turn affects the purchase intentions from the brand. The findings of this study confirmed that social media is a very important marketing tool. The marketers needs to ensure that they a) have a presence and social media, b) devise effective online marketing strategies and c) employ dedicated social media staff to continually interact, entertain and engage the users.