Salt, as a commodity, holds significant importance in national economy and people’s livelihood, From ancient times to the present, the state has commonly regulated this specific substance, with salt tax revenue being one of the most important sources of national fiscal income.Those ,engaged in the salt trade are known as “salt merchants”. However, during the state monopoly on salt and iron, the state controlled all production and sales of salt, so true “salt merchants” did not exist.The term “salt merchant” first appeared during the Tang Xuanzong period with the reforms of Liu Yan, the Salt and Iron Commissioner of Yangzhou,Subsequently, through the Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties, they became representative of the wealthiest groups,even Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty remarked, “The wealth of the salt merchants is immense, surpassing even mine!” The Qing dynasty novel “The Scholars” and the notes “Yangzhou Boat Records” record also described many scenes about the rich salt merchants. During their wealth accumulation process, salt merchants became synonymous with terms like “cunning”, “greedy”, “reeking of money”, and “profit-driven”, which have solidified our perception of their image. During their wealth accumulation process, salt merchants became synonymous with terms like “cunning”, “greedy”, “reeking of money”, and “profit-driven”, which have solidified our perception of their image.For a long time, according to the traditional Chinese social hierarchy of “scholars, farmers, artisans, and merchants”, salt merchants did not have a high social status. Therefore, they used their wealth to improve their social standing. This is why they actively participated in national and local affairs, and their active involvement positively influenced local political, economic, and cultural development. As a group that operated in regions beyond the reach of central authority, who exactly were they? Currently, scholarly research on salt merchants mainly focuses on the Jiangnan region in the lower Yangtze River, a prosperous area where salt merchants exhibit more common characteristics for study.This article studies the salt merchants of Zigong in the late Qing period, analyzing their historical image and characteristics from both common and individual perspectives, in order to provide readers with a reinterpretation of this group.

청말·민국 시기 중국 지리교과서는 한국 관련 서술이 풍부하여 당시 중국인들이 한국을 어떻게 인식했는지 연구하는 데 유용한 공적 자료이 다. 한·중 양국은 수천 년 동안 정치, 경제, 문화 등 많은 방면에서 교류 했으며, 19세기 말 이전까지 한국은 중국 주도 하의 중화질서에서 가장 중요한 일원으로서 중국의 전통 지리 문헌에서 항상 ‘소중화’와 ‘예의지 방’으로 높은 명성을 누렸다. 그러나 20세기 들어 중국 지리교과서 속 한국의 이미지는 이전과는 확연히 달라졌다. 본 논문은 청말·민국 시기 중국의 교육 근대화 이후 편찬된 일련의 신식 지리교과서에 나타난 한국 의 개화기 및 일제강점기 관련 서술과 인식을 비교연구로 하였다. 19세 기 말 이후 한·중 양국 관계는 불평등에서 평등으로, 상하급에서 동반자 로 전환되었고 이에 따라 청말·민국시기 중국 지리교과서에 나타난 한국 의 이미지도 대체로 ‘소중화’에서 ‘후진국’으로, 그리고 다시 ‘동반자’로 바뀌는 과정을 거쳤다. 중국 지리교과서 속 한국의 이미지는 시기별로 중국이 직면한 여러 가지 현실적인 곤경에 영향을 받아 변화해 왔다. 대 중의 지리 지식과 타국 인식을 양성하는 주요 매체인 지리교과서에 대한 연구를 통해 당시 중국 정부와 교과서 편찬자가 자라나는 후속세대에게 한국을 어떻게 인식시키려고 했는지를 살펴보았다. 그리고 견문록, 신문 잡지 등 사적 자료를 연구 내용으로 한 기존의 선행 연구와 상호 검증과 보완의 관계를 형성할 수 있기를 기대한다.

Translators of chemical translations in the late Qing Dynasty translated element terms in several ways: connected with Chinese natural object nouns and recorded new meanings with the same characters of the nouns, created translated names, used common words, borrowed from inherent Chinese characters, and created new character. Translators use or create characters according to different motivations, and the selected characters may accord with the components of the characters coincidentally, resulting in one character with multiple translations. As different translators translated the foreign names of the same element, different motivations for selecting/creating characters, or the same motivations with different components of the characters, resulting in different characters with the same usage. Because of the influence of the words used in the translation of Hua Xue Jian Yuan and the requirements for the systematic use of words, most of the words used for liberal translation that are related to the natural nouns have been retained, and the other words have been almost eliminated. The reasons for the elimination include: the selection of inherent Chinese characters leads to an imbalance in the Chinese character system, the inconvenience of the recognition/use of borrowed and created characters, the phenomenon of one character with multiple translations and different characters with the same usage, etc.