본 연구는 노인 스포츠 참여동기와 재미요인, 여가만족 및 운동지속의 관계를 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 자료분석을 위하여 서울 소재의 노인종합복지관에서 스포츠 프로그램에 참여하는 노인을 모집단으로 총 200부의 설문지를 배포하였으며, 불성실한 응답 17부를 제외한 총 183부(91.5%)의 자료를 유효표 본으로 사용하였다. 자료처리를 위하여 IBM AMOS 21을 이용하여 빈도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 집중타당 도, 판별타당도, 개념신뢰도, Cronbach’s α, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식 모형 검증을 실시하였다. 이에 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 노인 스포츠 참여동기는 재미요인에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 노인 스포츠 참여동기는 여가만족에 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 노인스포츠 참여동기는 운동지속에 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 노인 스포츠 재미요인은 여가만족에 영향을 미쳤다. 다섯째, 노인스포츠 재미요인은 운동지속에 영향을 미쳤다. 여섯째, 노인스포츠 운동만족은 운동지속에 영향을 미쳤다.

본 연구는 노인의 스포츠 활동 참여동기가 여가만족에 미치는 목적을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 생활체육 프로그램을 참여하고 있는 노인들을 모집단으로 설정하였다. 이와 같은 과정을 통하여 2018년 9월 1일부터 10월 31일까지 총 250부의 설문지를 배포하여 불성실하게 응답했거나 조사내용의 일부가 누락도어 신뢰성이 떨어지는 자료 53부를 제외한 197부를 유효표본으로 설정하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS Statistics 21을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인 스포츠 활동 참여동기 요인 중 내적동기는 심리적 만족, 교육적 만족, 생리적 만족 등에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 외적동기는 사회적만족, 휴식적 만족 요인에 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 무동기는 심리적 만족, 사회적 만족, 교육적 만족, 휴식적 만족, 환경적 만족에 영향을 미쳤다.

Introduction Globalization not only increases human mobility, but changes the relationship between international migrants and their country of origin. With improved transportation systems and new technologies, migrants can stay connected to their homeland in multiple ways. In the past, it was costly and time-consuming for migrants to "keep in touch" with their homeland. Thus, the ability to assimilate into the culture and lifestyle of the mainstream society was important (Alba & Nee, 2003; Portes & Zhou, 1993). At the same time, migrants and minority groups also form ethnic enclaves (e.g., Chinatown, Little Italy) where they can maintain the culture and traditions of "home" and preserve a part of their cultural identity (Portes & Manning, 1986). Contemporary migrants, however, live in a transnational social field (Louie, 2006). They can easily communicate with their friends and family back home. Even if they reside in rural areas, most goods from the old country can be found in the new country. Migrants can shop online for the groceries, books, fashion, beauty products, kitchenware, etc. from their homeland. They can listen to hit songs in their native language, keep up with the major news events, follow the newest TV series, cheer for their favorite sports teams, watch live election results, and more—almost as if they have never left. Traveling back to the homeland is one important way for migrants to main transnational ties (Haller & Landolt, 2005). This type of travel is commonly known as diaspora tourism (Coles & Timothy, 2004), VFR tourism (Uriely, 2010), and roots tourism (Maruyama & Stronza, 2010). Migrants may visit the homeland for various reasons, including: leisure, business, local food, culture and heritage, quest, retain ties, finding oneself, roots-seeking, personal identity, connection with place, obligation to ancestors, recovery of social identity, and family togetherness (Kluin & Lehtom, 2012; Li & McKercher, 2016; Murdy, Alexander, & Bryce, 2018; Ray & McCain, 2012). Given that contemporary migrants can engage in transnational practices in the host society, and take part in various types of leisure activities that are related to the culture and lifestyle of "home," the question is: do migrants still feel the need to visit the homeland in person? Or since everything is readily available, they do not need to go back as often as before. On one hand, participating in transnational leisure activities may strengthen their attachment to the homeland and increase their longing to return. On the other hand, the accessibility of homeland goods, services, culture, and relationships through global networks may decrease the desire and frequency of traveling back to the homeland. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between transnational leisure activities and motivation to visit the homeland. Specifically, do migrants‘ transnational leisure participation and involvement influence their diaspora tourism motivation? Literature Review Transnationalism refers to the interconnected lifestyle and social experience of immigrants maintaining multiple ties with their home and host societies (Basch, Glick-Schiller, & Blanc, 1994). Transnationalism could be sustained through different types of activities, including economic, political, social, familial, religious, and cultural activities. Although leisure activities have not been a focus of transnationalism research, some cultural transnational practices overlap with leisure activities. The Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles study (IIMMLA) found that 8.1% of second-generation immigrants participated in organizations associated with their parents‘ country of birth, and 48.7% watched TV or listened to the radio in their parents‘ language at least once a week or more (Rumbaut et al., 2008). The Immigrant Second Generation in New York study (ISGNY) revealed that ethnic music is very important to West Indian immigrants, and they listened to more ethnic music. Chinese-Americans, however, might listen to some Cantonese pop, but usually not traditional Chinese music (Kasinitz et al., 2008). Within leisure research, most studies on the leisure activities of immigrants employ the theory of acculturation. The focus was not on transnational leisure, but on immigrants‘ leisure participation within the mainstream culture of the host society. Many studies examined the effect of acculturation on immigrant leisure, be it participation, perceived benefits, motivations, or constraints. Floyd and Gramann (1993) compared Mexican- and Anglo-Americans to determine if the former‘s outdoor activity patterns and site visitation would be similar to the latter, based on different levels of structural assimilation. Shaull and Gramann (1998) also examined Hispanic- and Anglo-Americans to determine the impact of cultural assimilation on one‘s perceived benefits of outdoor recreation. They found a strong Anglo-conformity pattern in Hispanic-Americans‘ perception of nature-related benefits, while family-related benefits were less prone to the impact of cultural assimilation. Another study by Walker, Deng, and Dieser (2001) compared the motivations of Chinese-Canadians and Euro-North Americans for outdoor recreation. Their findings indicated that acculturation influenced the recreation motivation of Chinese-Canadians, both directly and indirectly through self-construal. The relationship between acculturation and leisure was also examined in Yu and Berryman‘s study (1996) on immigrant adolescents, which revealed a positive relationship between acculturation and recreational activities, and a negative relationship between acculturation and perceived barriers. A similar relationship was found in Scott, Lee, Lee and Kim‘s (2006) study of Korean migrants. They identified some constraints (i.e., lack of English proficiency and fear of discrimination) that varied by one‘s level of acculturation, while the biggest constraint, time, was not influenced by acculturation. Stodolska and Santos (2006) were the first to propose the concept of "transnational leisure," and they defined it as "leisure that is maintained by transnational migrants to foster their ties with their countries and communities of origin" (p. 162). Huang, Norman, Ramshaw, and Haller (2015) identified different types of transnational leisure activities by second-generation Chinese-Americans, and categorized them into four types: ethnic events and festivals, ethnic social clubs and organizations, ethnic media and pop culture, and Internet-based activities. As these previous studies were qualitative in nature, there is a need for more quantitative research so as to compare and identify different patterns of transnational leisure (e.g., level of involvement, frequency of participation) and examine how transnational leisure relate to other variables. Methods This study aims to examine the transnational leisure involvement and travel motivation of diaspora tourists. Specifically, overseas Chinese residing in North America (i.e., the USA and Canada) was selected as the target population. The service of a reputable and reliable international online survey company was obtained to reach out to this specific population of interest. Data collection took place from December 2016 to January 2017. A total of 808 responses were gathered. A questionnaire was developed based on previous literature. A list of transnational leisure activities with 19 items was developed based on the work of Huang et al. (2015). The transnational leisure involvement scale was adapted from the works of Kyle, Graefe, Manning, and Bacon (2003) and Kyle, Bricker, Graefe, and Wickham (2004). The scale consists of 14 items and three dimensions: Attraction, Centrality, and Self-expression. As there are many types of transnational leisure activities, respondents were first asked to go through the list and indicate their frequency of participation in each activity. Next, they were asked to think about "these activities" as they answered the leisure involvement scale. The measures for diaspora tourism motivation was developed based on Poria and colleagues‘ scale for heritage tourism motivation (2004; 2006a; 2006b), Kluin and Lehto‘s (2012) scale for family reunion travel motivations, and Li and McKercher‘s (2016) qualitative study on diaspora tourists. The last section of the questionnaire will be used to collect demographic information. Findings EFA was conducted to explore if transnational leisure activities can be categorized into different types. Three items were removed due to double loading (i.e., Sing Chinese songs in the karaoke, Online shopping for Chinese/Asian items, and Connect with friends and relatives in China through social media). Factor 1 consisted of 3 items that are basic common activities in migrant life, and was labeled "Basic" transnational leisure (i.e., Eat Chinese food, Shop for Chinese/Asian groceries, and Celebrate Chinese holidays). Factor 2 consisted of 7 items that are related to pop culture and internet-based leisure activities, and was labeled "Media-based" transnational leisure (e.g., Listen to Chinese songs and music, Watch Chinese drama, Visit websites related to Chinese or Chinese-American culture, and Read/watch the news related to China). Contrary to the individualistic nature of the activities in Factor 2, Factor 3 consisted of 6 items that are more likely to be group activities, and related to social clubs events and activities (e.g., Attend events hosted by Chinese ethnic organizations, Participate in Chinese cultural activities, Play Chinese board or card games, Attend Chinese concerts/performances, and Follow Chinese/Chinese-American sports players or teams). Thus, Factor 3 was labeled "Event-based" transnational leisure. Respondents‘ participation in these activities was measured on a 5-point scale of frequency, from 1=Never to 5=Always/Everyday. Overall, "Basic" transnational leisure received the highest mean score (M=3.82), while the means for "Media-based" (M=2.86) and "Event-based" activities (M=2.62) were lower. Although the mean scores in Factor 2 and 3 were not high, it should be noted that the nature of these activities are different. Chinese migrants can "Eat Chinese food" every day, but they cannot "Attending Chinese concerts" every day. Therefore, the mean scores for "Event-based" activities were the lowest. Moreover, ANOVA was conducted to compare five migrant generation groups (e.g., first-generation migrants who were born in the old country and relocated to a new country and second-generation migrants are native-born in the new country). The second generation had the lowest level of participation, while the first generation and 4+ generation had the highest level of participation in most types of transnational leisure activities. Correlation analyses further revealed that the frequency of "Media-based" activities and "Event-based" activities were positively correlated to the number of homeland trips, while the relationship between "Basic" transnational leisure and number of homeland trips was not statistically significant. Lastly, CFA was conducted to confirm the underlying dimensions of Transnational Leisure Involvement: Attraction (6 items), Centrality (4 items), and Self-expression (4 items). EFA was conducted to identify the dimensions of diaspora tourism motivation. The 11 items loaded on one of two factors: Chinese Culture (6 items) and Family Heritage (5 items). Multiple regression analyses were conducted, with the three dimensions of transnational leisure involvement as independent variables, and the two dimensions of diaspora tourism motivation as dependent variables. It was found that Attraction and Centrality would influence respondents‘ motivation for Chinese Culture, while Attraction, Centrality, and Self-expression would influence respondents‘ motivation for Personal Heritage. Discussion Results showed that transnational leisure involvement is useful in understanding the activity patterns of different migrant generations. Specifically, the relationships between transnational involvement and diaspora tourism motivation were consistently positive, which provides an effective means of segmenting diaspora tourists. Transnational leisure activities are good opportunities for homeland destinations to connect with diaspora tourists prior to their travel. Other than direct promotional activities, transnational leisure provides an alternative way to increase diaspora tourists‘ level of engagement and frequency of travel to the homeland.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to verify leisure motivation and participation restrictions effect on level of leisure activity in stroke patients.Methods : Since 12 November 2014 until 19 December, we have collected a data about participation restrictions, a leisure motivation, and Korean Activity Card Sort (K-ACS) Targeting 125 inpatients/outpatients who were diagnosed with stroke that are over 55 years old. For the data analysis, we implemented a descriptive statistic, a pearson correlation coefficient, and a multiple regression analysis.Results : The study shows that the stroke patients’ level of current leisure activity showed a significant correlation with a leisure motivation and participation restrictions. The leisure motivation in subordinate area, it manifest a correlation that is significant in learn, self-development, a health, and social. And it showed a significant of personally restrictions in subordinate area of participation restrictions. The element that effects on a level of current leisure activity, it resulted as personal restrictions, learn and social of leisure motivation, the explanation ability was analysed as to 20.0%.Conclusion : Need to utilize an intervention method to maintain a healthy life in participating a leisure activity for the stroke patients, and it is needed of an approach towards restrictions elements and motivator for the leisure intervention.

본 연구는 댄스스포츠 참여노인의 참여 동기가 여가만족 및 심리적 행복감에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 2012년 10월 20일부터 12월 15일까지 전라북도 J시, K시, I시에 소재하고 있는 노인복지회관에서 댄스스포츠 참여 노인을 모집단으로 설정하였다. 총 300명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료 중 질문문항에 올바르게 응답하지 않은 23부를 제외하고 최종분석에 277명의 자료가 사용되었다. 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 댄스스포츠 참여 노인 의 인구통계학적인 특성에 따라 참여동기, 여가만족, 심리적 행복감은 유의한 차이가 있는 것으 로 나타났다. 둘째, 댄스스포츠 참여 노인의 참여 동기가 여가만족에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결 과 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 댄스스포츠 참여 노인의 참여 동기가 심리적 행복감에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 댄스스포츠 참여 노인의 여가만족이 심리적 행복감에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 유의한 영향을 미치는 것 으로 나타났다.

이제는 당당하게 혼자 밥을 먹거나 여가생활과 쇼핑을 즐기며, 여행도 홀로 떠나는 등 혼자 활동하는 취미를 가졌거나 그런 성향이 강한 사람들이 늘어나고, 혼자 즐기는 모든 것들이 외로움을 표현하기 보다는 당당함을 표현하는 시대가 되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 최근 6개월 내 홀로 여가활동을 한 혼족의 여가활동 동기가 여가몰입에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 밝히고자 하였다. 둘째, 여가몰입과 생활만족 간의 영향관계도 확인하고자 하였다. 셋째, 혼족의 여가활동 동기가 생활만족에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 이와 같은 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 편의표본 추출법으로 여가활동을 한 혼족을 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하였으며, 총 400부의 설문지를 배포하고 회수 후 불성실한 답변의 설문지를 제하고 260부의 설문지를 최종분석에 활용하였다. 분석에는 SPSS 23.0을 이용하였으며 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 혼족의 여가활동 동기는 여가몰입에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤고 둘째, 혼족의 여가활동 동기는 생활만족에 정(+)의 영향을 또한 미쳤다. 셋째, 여가몰입은 생활만족에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다는 연구결과로 영향관계가 있음을 나타내며, 여가활동에서 여가몰입의 중요성을 보여준다. 따라서 본 연구는 여가활동 동기와 여가몰입 및 생활만족 간의 영향관계를 살펴보았다는 이론적 시사점을 제공하였으며, 여가활동의 중요성과 여가몰입을 위한 사회적인 정책이나 지원책을 고려할 필요가 있다는 실무적 시사점 또한 제공하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 스쿠바 매니아들의 인구통계학적 특성과 그들이 행하는 스쿠바 활동요인에 따른 운동동기 및 여가만족도와의 관계를 분석하여 스쿠바 다이빙의 보급과 해양스포츠의 발전에 기여할 수 있는 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 1년 이상 스쿠바 다이빙 활동에 참여하고 규칙적으로 다이빙 활동을 하고 있는 249명의 다이버를 피험자로 선택하였다. 수집된 설문 결과를 토대로 빈도분석, 일원변량분석, t-test와 상관관계 등의 분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 먼저 수입과 나이는 다이빙에 참여하는 외적동기에 의미 있는 차이를 보이는 요인이었다. 또한, 수입은 내적동기의 요인에서 차이를 보였으나 여가 만족도에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 둘째로 외적동기는 참여 빈도에서는 차이를 보였으나 내적동기와 여가 만족도에서는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 셋째로 다이빙의 유형에서는 집단 간에 차이를 보이지 않았으며 수중 사냥, 채집, 사진촬영의 다이빙에서도 집단 간의 운동동기에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 다만 교육수준, 사회적/환경적 지위에서는 집단 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다.