In the process of spent fuel dry storage, which is an intermediate management method, it was found that hydrides in the circumferential direction rearranged into radial hydrides. Various factors, such as hoop stress, peak temperature, cooling rate during the storage period, and hydrogen concentration accumulated during the burnup process, significantly affect the susceptibility of spent fuel cladding. In recent studies based on the hydrogen solubility value of about 210 ppm corresponding to the peak temperature of 400°C, if the threshold stress decreases as the hydrogen concentration increases in the low hydrogen range under 210 ppm, the threshold stress increases as the hydrogen concentration increases in the low hydrogen range under 210 ppm. The fundamental cause of this trend is the diffusion of hydrogen into the high-stress region due to the stress gradient formed in the specimen, and hydrogen compounds which remain undissolved in the circumferential direction, even at the peak temperature, play a crucial role to determine the magnitude of the threshold stress. This study evaluated the behavior of hydride reorientation under various hoop stress conditions (70, 80, 90, and 110 MPa) using unirradiated Zircaloy-4(CWSRA) cladding tubes under long-term cooling conditions (3, 6, and 12 months). The results of analyzing the offset strain by hydrogen concentration for long-term cooling showed that specimens with low hydrogen concentration exhibited higher integrity than specimens with high hydrogen concentration at hoop stresses of 90 and 110 MPa. The HR test using irradiated fuel cladding showed that specimens with low hydrogen concentrations exhibited relatively higher susceptibility. To quantify these results, it is necessary to research further in detail by repeated tests.

Pure MgH2 was milled under a hydrogen atmosphere (reactive mechanical grinding, RMG). The hydrogen storage properties of the prepared samples were studied at a relatively low temperature of 423 K and were compared with those of pure Mg. The hydriding rate of the Mg was extremely low (0.0008 wt% H/min at n = 4), and the MgH2 after RMG had higher hydriding rates than that of Mg at 423 K under 12 bar H2. The initial hydriding rate of MgH2 after RMG at 423 K under 12 bar H2 was the highest (0.08 wt% H/min) at n = 2. At n = 2, the MgH2 after RMG absorbed 0.39 wt% H for 5 min, and 1.21 wt% H for 60 min at 423K under 12 bar H2. At 573 K under 12 bar H2, the MgH2 after RMG absorbed 4.86 wt% H for 5 min, and 5.52 wt% H for 60 min at n = 2. At 573 K and 423 K under 1.0 bar H2, the MgH2 after RMG and the Mg did not release hydrogen. The decrease in particle size and creation of defects by reactive mechanical grinding are believed to have led to the increase in the hydriding rate of the MgH2 after RMG at a relatively low temperature of 423 K.

그래뉼은 중간 매개체의 도움 없이 미생물의 자가 고정화에 의해 형성된 미생물 응집체로 충격부하에 강하고, 높은 생물량 및 높은 침전성을 갖는 등 여러 장점을 바탕으로 폐수의 생물학적 처리 공정에 이용되고 있다. 그리고 낮은 강도의 초음파 조사를 이용하여 반응조 내 미생물의 활성도를 증가시켜 반응조 성능을 증대시키는 연구들이 보고되고 있다. 따라서, expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB)를 이용한 선행연구를 통해, 저강도 초음파가 그래뉼 활성 및 수소발생에 미치는 긍정적인 영향을 확인하였다. 저강도 초음파(0.1 w/mL, 1 sec per 1 min) 처리로 수소 발생량이 65% 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는, 저강도 초음파 처리가 그래뉼의 형태학적 변화에 미치는 영향에 대해서 실험을 진행하였다. 저강도 초음파 처리와 재순환 적용 유무로, 4가지 반응조를 구성하고 연속 실험을 진행하여 각각의 반응조에서 그래뉼 샘플을 채취하였다. 각각의 그래뉼 샘플들은 기존의 분석 방법과 다르게 CMEIAS 프로그램을 이용하여 이미지 분석을 하여 그래뉼의 크기 및 형태를 파악하였고, VP-SEM을 이용하여 그래뉼 표면의 변화를 관찰하였다. 기존의 그래뉼 입도 분석은 많은 시간과 인력, 비용이 들어간다는 단점이 있어 무료 프로그램인 CMEIAS를 이용하여 새로운 방식으로 이미지 분석하였다. 이미지 분석 결과 저강도 초음파 처리와 재순환 적용이 각각 그래뉼 크기를 5% 증가됨을 확인하였고, 동시에 적용할 경우 그래뉼 크기가 20% 증가됨을 확인하였다. VP-SEM 결과 저강도 초음파 처리가 그래뉼 표면에 거친 형태를 매끄럽게 변화시키고 공극을 형성시키는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 저강도 초음파 처리와 재순환 적용은 그래뉼의 형태학적 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 반응조 성능 향상에 영향을 미쳤을 것이라고 사료된다.

Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in ambient air have been measured from January 2014 to June 2016 in a coastal area near the Ulsan National Industrial Complex. The measurement sites were 1 km, 2.6 km, 5.6 km, and 20 km away from a kraft pulp mill, which is located at the most southern edge of the complex. Concentrations above 0.4 ppb were monitored every 5 min and the highest concentration of the day was determined. From a total of 775 measurement days, hydrogen sulfide concentrations > 20 ppb were recorded on 36 and 38 days at the measurement site closest to the mill and the residential area 2.6 km away from the mill, respectively. At the site farthest from the mill, the concentrations were always 20 ppb lower than the malodor regulation for the residential area but sometimes higher than the odor recognition threshold for hydrogen sulfide. Although several emission sources of hydrogen sulfide have been published in the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register of Korea, the kraft pulp mill is considered to be the biggest contributor of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide in the southern coastal area of Ulsan.