The objective of this study was to determine the breed differences in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of MC1R mRNA, which may be used to distinguish Korean brindle cattle (Chikso) from other breeds. We investigated the relationship between the variation of 3'-UTR of the MC1R mRNA and coat color among different breeds and the Korean brindle cattle with different coat colors. MC1R mRNA expression levels were determined in accordance with the coat color and hair colors of the tail. Total cellular RNA was extracted from the hair follicles of the tails in Hanwoo, Korean brindle cattle, Holstein and HanwooxHolstein crossbred cattle. After cDNA synthesis, PCR was performed. Sequences of the 3'-UTR of MC1R mRNA were analyzed. The 3'-UTR of the MC1R mRNA from different breeds of cattle did not show any variations. There were no variations in the 3'-UTR of the MC1R mRNA in Korean brindle cattle with different coat colors. The levels of MC1R mRNA expression in hair follicles of the tail varied substantially among the Korean brindle cattle with different coat colors, except yellow coat color. Correlation between the MC1R mRNA expression in the hair follicles of the tail and coat color may be present in the Korean brindle cattle, but not between the variations of 3'-UTR of MC1R mRNA and coat color. Further studies to determine the regulation of MC1R mRNA expression from the hair follicles of different coat colors will be beneficial in clarifying the role of MC1R in the coat colors of the Korean brindle cattle.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the MC1R genotypes of the Chikso (Korean brindle cattle) sires on the coat colors of their offspring. In this study, 15 Chikso sires with known MC1R genotypes were used for breeding in the Gangwon Province Livestock Research Center, the Chungbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research, and the Livestock Experiment Station, Jeonbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research from either 2011 or 2012 to 2013. There were 6 sires with E+E+ genotypes and 9 sires with E+e genotypes, and their coat colors were all whole brindle (more than 50 of the body). Among the 90 calves produced in 2011∼2013 or 2012∼2013 from the 15 sires, 50 (55.6%) of them were females and 40 (44.4%) of them were males. Coat colors of the offspring were determined when they reached over 6 months of age. Calves with whole brindle, part brindle, brown and black coat colors were 42 (48.3%), 11 (12.6%), 18 (20.7%) and 16 (18.4%), respectively. Ratio of calves with whole brindle coat color was higher than any other coat colors. Among the offspring with whole brindle color, 20 (41.7%) calves were female and 22 (51.3%) calves were male. By determining the MC1R genotypes of the dams and calves in this study along the family lines, and investigating other genes that may be involved in the coat colors of the Chikso, better breeding system may be established to increase the brindle coat color appearance in the future.

Bovine coat color is decided by the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) genotype mutation and melanogenesis. Specially, in the various cattle breeds, dominant black coat color is expressed by dominant genotype of ED, red or brown is expressed in the frame shift mutation of recessive homozygous e by base pair deletion and wild type of E+ is expressed in various coat colors. However, not very well known about the effected of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color through family lines in KBC. Therefore, this study were to investigate effect of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color, and to suggest mating breed system in accordance with of MC1R genotype for increased on brindle coat color appearance. Parents (sire 2 heads and dam 3 heads) and offspring (total : 54 heads) from crossbreeding in KBC family line with the MC1R genotype and phenotype records were selected as experimental animals. The relationship between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) genotypes expression verified by PCR-RFLP, and brindle coat color appearance to the family line of the cross mating breed from MC1R genotype pattern was determined. As a result, 4MC1R genetic variations, E+/E+ (sire 1), E+/e (sire 2 and dam 3), E+/e with 4 bands of 174, 207 and 328 bp (dam 1) and E+/e with 3 bands of 174, 207, 328 and 535 bp (dam 2) from parents (sire and dam) of KBC. However, 3 genetic variations, e/e (24%), E+/E+ (22%) and E+/e (56%) were identified in offspring. Also, brindle coat color expressrated was the e/e with the 0%, E+/E+ with 67% and E+/e with 77% from MC1R genotype in offspring on the cross mating of KBC. Furthermore, when the sire had E+/e genotype and the dam had E+/E+ with the 3 bands or E+/e genotype, and both had whole body-brindle coat color, 62% of the offspring had whole body-brindle coat color. Therefore, the seresults, the mating system from MC1R genotype patterns of the sires (E+/e) and dams (E+/E+ with the 3 bands or E+/e) with brindle coat color may have the highest whole body-brindle coat color expression in their offspring.

This study was carried out to examine a molecular marker system for parentage test in Jeju Black cattle (JBC). Based on the preliminarily studies, we finally selected for construction of a novel genetic marker system for molecular traceability, identity test, breed certification, and parentage test in JBC and its related industrial populations. The genetic marker system had eight MS markers, five indel markers, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; g.G299T and g.del310G) within MC1R gene which is critical to verify the breed specific genotypes for coat color of JBC differing from those of exotic black cattle breeds such as Holstein and Angus. The results showed lower level of a combined non-exclusion probability for second parent (NE-P2) of 4.1202×10-4 than those previously recommended by International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) of 5.000×10-4 for parentage, and a combined non-exclusion probability for sib identity (NE-SI) of 2.679×10-5. Parentage analysis has been successfully identified the JBC offspring in the indigenous population and cattle farms used the certified AI semens for production using the JBC-derived offspring for commercial beef. This combined molecular marker system will be helpful to supply genetic information for parentage test and traceability and to develop the molecular breeding system for improvement of animal productivity in JBC population.

일반적으로 돼지는 어떤 종류의 모색을 가지든 피부는 연분홍색을 띄는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 경 남 김해 H 육가공회사로 출하된 개체 중 흑모색에 검은색 피부를 가진 돼지가 발견되었다. 그 원인 을 규명하고자, 모색과 연관되어 있다고 알려진 MC1R, KIT 유전자와 피부색과 연관되어 있다고 알 려진 ASIP 유전자의 특징을 살펴보았다. MC1R의 sequencing 분석 결과, 아미노산 67, 68번째 자 리의 6개 염기 C(CCC CCC)는 Hampshire와 동일한 ED2/ED2 유전자형인 것으로 밝혀졌고, KIT의 경우 qOLA_CNV, Pyro_Splice 및 sequencing 분석한 결과, Duroc의 i/i 유전자형과 같은 유전자형 으로 밝혀졌다. ASIP의 경우 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 모든 종에서 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 유연관계 분석을 위해 Phase software와 network 분석을 실시한 결과, MC1R은 Hap22와 Hap23 이, KIT는 Hap22, Hap43과 유색종과 유연관계를 형성하는 것으로 확인되었다. 반면에 ASIP는 Hap04, Hap09이 야생멧돼지와 중국재래돼지를 제외한 품종들과의 유연관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 더 나아가 각 품종 간 유사성 분석을 위해 PCA를 실시한 결과, MC1R은 Berkshire, KIT는 Berkshire와 Hampshire가 유사성을 가지는 것으로 밝혀졌고, ASIP는 Berkshire 와 Duroc의 유사 성을 관찰할 수 있었다.

최근 재래가축 유전자원의 중요성이 부각되면서 그 중의 칡소의 유전형 확립이 대두 되고 있다. 칡소는 호반모를 가진 종모우의 정액을 이용하여 수정하여도 호반모가 아닌 일반 한우의 모색과 비슷한 양상으로 출현하는 개체들이 있다. 이는 칡소 모색 관련 유 전자들의 발현이 고정되지 않았다는 가능성을 제시한다. 소의 모색관련 유전자 중에서 melanocortin 1 receptor(MC1R) 유전자의 결실은 한우의 모색 및 한우고기의 판별에 이 용되어 왔다. 본 연구는 PCR-RFLP 기법으로 melanocortin 1 receptor(MC1R) 좌위의 유 전자형 검출을 통해 칡소와 한우의 유전자형 빈도와 염기 서열상의 차이를 비교 분석함 으로써, 칡소의 모색 발현에 관련된 MC1R 유전자를 이용하여 호반모 발현 비율과 유전 양상을 밝히기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 연구는 전라북도 축산위생연구소 축산시험장에서 사육 중인 칡소로 부계나 모계를 알고 있거나 가계가 형성된 칡소로 부터 혈액을 채취하여, Genomic DNA를 추출하였다. MC1R 특이 유전자 마커를 이용하기 위해 GenBank(S71017)에 등록된 염기 서열을 참고 하여 Primer를 설계하였다. MC1R 유전자의 증폭을 위한 PCR 반응 조건은 95℃에서 10 분간 정치 후 95℃ 30초, 60℃ 30초, 72℃ 1분 총 35 cycle을 수행한 뒤 72℃에서 5분 간 반응시켜 PCR을 완료하였다. 증폭된 MC1R 유전자 739 bp산물을 MspI으로 3시간 처 리 후 전기 영동하여 DNA 절편을 확인하였다. PCR 증폭 산물을 MspI 처리한 결과, 한우의 절편 양상은 2개의 절편(534 bp, 207 bp) 으로 대부분 나타났으며, 칡소는 4개의 절편(535 bp, 328 bp, 207 bp, 174 bp) 양상이 3 개의 절편(328 bp, 207 bp, 174 bp) 양상보다 다소 많은 경향을 보였다. 이 연구에서 얻 어진 한우와 칡소의 유전자 절편 양상을 비교 분석하여 호반모 발현비율을 증가시키는 교배체계의 확립에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.