본 연구는 해양에서 선박 운항 시 발생할 수 있는 항행장애물, 특히 부유물과의 충돌 위험성을 예측하기 위해 몬테카를로 시뮬 레이션을 적용한 항행안전 충돌 확률 모델을 개발하는 데 중점을 두고 있다. 항행장애물은 해양에서 선박의 운항을 방해하거나 위험을 초 래할 수 있는 물체로, 선박 사고의 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 연구는 부유물 감김 사고와 관련된 최근 5년간의 해양사고통계 정보와 7년간 사 고 데이터를 분석하여 사고 발생 패턴을 파악하고, 이를 기반으로 위험성 평가 방법론을 검토하였다. 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통해 임의 의 제한된 해상 공간 내에서 표류하는 부유물과 이동 중인 선박이 접촉할 확률을 도출하였으며, 다양한 변수(부유물의 크기, 개수, 속도, 이 동하는 선박의 개수, 선박의 통항 패턴 등)가 충돌 확률에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 표류하는 장애물의 속도보다는 장애물의 크기와 이동하는 선박의 개수에 따라 충돌 확률이 영향을 받음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 해양과 선박 데이터 기반 실행 가능한 모델 을 제안하며, 이를 통해 선박 운항의 안전성을 높이고, 사고 예방을 위한 효과적인 관리 방안을 제공하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다.

The issue of marine accidents can be based on the traffic/distribution of vessels in the waterways. These accidents are often associated with human and financial losses and require special attention. Usually, these accidents include collision of two fishing vessels with each other, collision of a fishing vessel with other types of vessels in the course and collision of a fishing vessel with an obstacle in the course (Yancai, et al, 2020). In this article, we first want to deal with analysing the recorded statistical samples in 7 fishing areas in coastal waters of South Korea in 2023, while fuzzy clustering them. Then, according to analysing the sample data and finding the probabilistic structure and the membership of data sets the determined clusters, through Monte Carlo simulation, we will generate similar data in each of the 7 studied regions and model them in unsupervised mode. The generated data by Monte Carlo simulation based on the statistical distribution will able us to study the reality of distribution and possible accident in our target areas and find the model for future demands. We show that how the simulated data reduce the cost of data analysis and deliver us the facts of clusters for fishing vessels collisions. Finally, we reach to the most notified area for preventing the fishing vessels accidents and to make more preparations for reducing the human and costly damages in future activities.

층상 반무한체에서의 확률론적 완전파형역산을 위한 Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 모사 기법을 정식화한다. Thin-layer method를 사용하여 조화 수직 하중이 작용하는 층상 반무한체의 지표면에서 추정된 동적 응답과 관측 데이터와의 차이 및 모델 변수 의 사전 정보와의 차이를 최소화하도록 목적함수와 모델 변수의 사후 확률밀도함수를 정의한다. 목적함수의 기울기에 기반하여 MCMC 표본을 제안하기 위한 분포함수와 이를 수락 또는 거절할지 결정하는 수락함수를 결정한다. 기본 진동모드 뿐만이 아니라 고 차 진동모드가 우세한 경우를 포함하여 다양한 층상 반무한체의 전단파 속도 추정에 제안된 MCMC 모사 기법을 적용하고 그 정확성 을 검증한다. 제안된 확률론적 완전파형역산을 위한 MCMC 모사 기법은 층상 반무한체의 전단파 속도와 같은 재료 특성의 확률적 특 성을 추정하는 데 적합함을 확인할 수 있다.

We investigate the diffusion process of Thomson-scattered line photons in both real space and frequency space through a Monte Carlo approach. The emission source is assumed to be monochromatic and point-like embedded at the center of a free electron region in the form of a sphere and a slab. In the case of a spherical region, the line profiles emergent at a location of Thomson optical depth τTh from the source exhibit the full width of the half maximum σλ ≃ τ 1.5 Th . In the slab case, we focus on the polarization behavior where the polarization direction flips from the normal direction of the slab to the parallel as the slab optical depth τTh increases from τTh ≪ 1 to τTh ≫ 1. We propose that the polarization flip to the parallel direction to the slab surface in optically thick slabs is attributed to the robustness of the Stokes parameter Q along the vertical axis with respect to the observer’s line of sight whereas randomization dominates the remaining region as τTh increases. A brief discussion on the importance of our study is presented.

Although monitoring of radon has been extensively implemented throughout South Korea, the risk assessment has been mainly limited to indoor environments such as schools, workplaces, and multi-use facilities, and evaluations have normally been performed separately. In this study, the differences in radon exposure according to two groups (< 1 and 1-6 years old) were evaluated considering various indoor and outdoor environments, timeactivity patterns, variations in radon concentrations, and dwelling type (single detached and apartment house) using Monte-Carlo simulation. The distribution and representative values of radon concentration by micro-environments were confirmed through the Anders-Darling test, and a uniform distribution was applied in case of uncertainty. The effective dose ranged from 1.81 ± 1.19 to 2.81 ± 3.02mSv/y. Comparing the levels recommended by EPA, WHO, and ICRP with the value of the 95th percentile of this study, it was found that the results for those dwelling in detached houses exceeded recommended levels. Infants that spend a lot of time in homes with relatively high levels of concentration of radon are assessed to be somewhat more vulnerable to radon exposure.

Emission features formed through Raman scattering with atomic hydrogen provide unique and crucial information to probe the distribution and kinematics of a thick neutral region illuminated by a strong far-ultraviolet radiation source. We introduce a new 3-dimensional Monte-Carlo code in order to describe the radiative transfer of line photons that are subject to Raman and Rayleigh scattering with atomic hydrogen. In our Sejong Radiative Transfer through Raman and Rayleigh Scattering (STaRS) code, the position, direction, wavelength, and polarization of each photon is traced until escape. The thick neutral scattering region is divided into multiple cells with each cell being characterized by its velocity and density, which ensures exibility of the code in analyzing Raman-scattered features formed in a neutral region with complicated kinematics and density distribution. To test the code, we revisit the formation of Balmer wings through Raman scattering of the far-UV continuum near Lyβ and Lyγ in a static neutral region. An additional check is made to investigate Raman scattering of Ovi in an expanding neutral medium. We find a good agreement of our results with previous works, demonstrating the capability of dealing with radiative transfer modeling that can be applied to spectropolarimetric imaging observations of various objects including symbiotic stars, young planetary nebulae, and active galactic nuclei.

In aluminum electrolysis, sodium penetration into carbon cathodes is considered as the main cause of cell failure and efficiency loss, but the detailed mechanism is still not definitely clear. Since the macroscopic properties of material depend on the microscopic structures, a large-scale atomistic model of anthracite cathodes was constructed to represent several important structural characteristics. Combined with Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, the adsorption and diffusion behaviors of sodium were investigated, respectively. The results suggest that sodium adsorption mainly occurs in the larger micro-pores with the range of 10–19 Å, while it accords well with to type-I Langmuir adsorption model. The sodium is found to be preferentially adsorbed in arch-like structures with 5- or 7-membered rings or around heteroatom, especially oxygen. Moreover, the movements of sodium through carbon matrix mainly depend on the continuous diffusive motion while most sodium particles tend to be trapped in voids with small mobility. The calculated transport diffusion coefficient is equal to 6.132 × 10− 10 m2/ s, which is in outstanding agreement with experimental results. This fundamental research would contribute to the understanding of sodium penetration mechanism and the optimization of cathode industry in the future.

바둑게임은 중국에서 적어도 2,500년 전에 창안되었으며, 게임을 이기기 위해 상대방보다 더 많은 영역을 둘러싸는 것을 목표로 한다. 간단한 규칙에도 불구하고 바둑은 인공지능(AI) 분야에서 아주 복잡한 전략적인 보드게임이다. 몬테카를로 트리탐색(MCTS)은 국면 평가의 어려움을 극복하고 게임트리 내의 엄청난 분기수를 줄여주는 최상우선탐색 알고리즘이다. 컴퓨터바둑 게임에서 MCTS는 수많은 플레이아웃을 수행한 후, 게임트리 내에 있는 현재노드로부터 단말노드까지의 임의의 수순을 표본 추출하여 다음 후보 착수에 대한 승률을 근사적으로 계산해낸다. AlphaGo를 포함한 모든 강력한 컴퓨터바둑 프로그램은 컴퓨터바둑 게임 진행에 있어 MCTS를 이용하여 가장 유망한 착수를 구해왔다. 본 연구는 소형바둑 컴퓨터게임에 있어 순수 MCTS를 이용하여 가장 유망한 일련의 수순을 찾고자 했다. 실험결과에 의하면 순수 MCTS는 소형바둑에서 19줄바둑게임에서 벌어지는 포석, 중반전, 끝내기라는 3단계가 아닌 중반전과 끝내기라는 단지 2단계를 진행하였으며, 아울러 순수 MCTS는 맥과 연단수와 같은 하위개념의 지식을 이해 못하는 것을 보였다.

Dynamic modulus of Asphalt Concrete (|E*|) is one of the most important input parameters is used to design pavement structure according to mechanical-empirical Pavement design of the United State of America. Because of its importance, there has been a lot of research on predictive models of (|E*|) as well as sensitive analysis of input parameters influences dynamic modulus in order to find out which one is the most influence on (|E*|), basing on that, the most reasonable quality control and quality assurance can be applied to ensure quality of work is under control. This paper presents sensitive analysis of input parameters influence (|E*|) of dense asphalt concrete in Viet Nam according to some predictive models of dynamic modulus of the United State of America by applying Monte Carlo simulation method.

Wind waves are important due to their high energy and impact on marine activities. This phenomenon is affects directly or indirectly the construction of coastal infrastructure, shipping and recreational activities. Due to the issues presented, marine parameters are very important. In this study, we try to pay attention to wave as one of the most important marine parameters. As the movements of waves have high uncertainty, financial models can be used to simulate the wave's paths. We use the Monte Carlo method for this purpose. The Monte Carlo simulation is a flexible and simple tool that is widely used in the evaluation of random paths. To compute a random path, we require an integral discretization. In this paper, we study the valuation of European options using Monte Carlo simulation and then compare this result with multi-level Monte Carlo approach and other antithetic variables. Then, we use the multi-level Monte Carlo approach proposed by (M. B. Giles 2008) for pricing under the two-factor stochastic volatility model. We show that the multi-level Monte Carlo method reduces the computational complexity and also cost of the two-factor stochastic volatility model when compared with the standard Monte Carlo method. Also, we compare the multi-level Monte Carlo method and standard Monte Carlo method using an Euler discretization scheme and then, analyze the numerical results.

In this paper, we take into account topology optimization problems considering spatial randomness in the material property of elastic modulus. Based on 88 lines MATLAB Code, Monte Carlo analysis has been performed for MBB(messerschmidt-bo lkow-blohm) model using 5,000 random sample fields which are generated by using the spectral representation scheme. The random elastic modulus is assumed to be Gaussian in the spatial domain of the structure. The variability of the volume fraction of the material, which affects the optimum topology of the given problem, is given in terms of correlation distance of the random material. When the correlation distance is small, the randomness in the topology is high and vice versa. As the correlation distance increases, the variability of the volume fraction of the material decreases, which comply with the feature of the linear static analysis. As a consequence, it is suggested that the randomness in the material property is need to be considered in the topology optimization.

콘크리트 혼화제의 무수축 그라우트에서 산란체와 흡수체의 영향은 빛산란에 의해 파장에 대 한 산란세기로 설명된다. New Austria Tunnel Method의 수지에 대한 산란의 분자특성들은 연구하기 위해 Monte Carlo Simulation하였다. 이는 산란매질에서 광학적 파라미터들(μs, μa, μt)에 의해 조사 되어 그들의 영향을 알 수 있었다. 산란매질에서 광자에 대한 빛 분포에 의한 결과는 광원에서 검출기 까지 거리가 가까우면 무수축혼화제의 산란이 증가하여 산란세기가 크게 나타나는데 혼화제가 첨가함에 따라 무수축 성질이 크게 나타났다. 이는 강구조물의 내구성을 위한 코팅과 부식에서 좋은 모델을 디자 인하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

본 연구에서는 강풍 위험 모델과 강풍 취약도 모델을 개발하여 옥외 광고물의 강풍 위험도를 정량적으로 평가하였다. 강풍 위험 모델과 강풍 취약도 모델 모두 확률론적 접근법인 몬테카를로 모사 모형을 적용하여 개발되었으며, 강풍 위험도 모델은 평가된 강풍 위험과 강풍 취약도의 수학적 계산을 통해서 평가되었다. 강풍 위험은 국내 내륙과 해안지역의 대도시인 서울과 부산 지역에 대하여 평가되었으며, 강풍 취약도 모델은 현장 조사와 문헌 조사를 통하여 파악된 10종의 벽면 이용형, 8종의 돌출형 옥외 광고물을 대상으로 개발되었다. 강풍 위험도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위하여 지표조도구분, 옥외 광고물의 형태, 설치 지역, 설치 높이 등에 따른 강풍 위험도를 정량적으로 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 강풍 위험도 평가 방법은 강풍으로 인한 옥외 광고물의 손실 추정 및 피해 저감 대책 수립을 위하여 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Structural dynamic system involves random variables conditions such as material property, geometric parameters and applied loads. This uncertainties result from the structural parameter are carefully considered the dynamic structural response in displacement, stress, and natural frequencies. The random vibrational system must be designed to withstand a certain amount of the fluctuation with respect to the uncertainties. Harmonic response of a spring-mass system is mathematically modelled with the probabilistic finite element method using the Monte Carlo simulation. The aim of this paper is to find the optimal lowest frequency for the spring-mass system with random input variables and response parameters to the displacements. The probabilistic design is carried out using ANSYS probabilistic design module in a commercial application software and then the optimal design is sequentially solved. An efficient and practical optimal design evaluation method is proposed for the design of the harmonic system. The numerical results are obtained where the next highest frequency of the system and displacements treated as constraints.