Yam is an important tuber crop nutritionally, socio-culturally, and an income generator for many Nigerian. This explains its high demand both locally and internationally, causing increased production as Nigeria leads world production with about 45.41 million metric tons annually. The peculiarity of yam production in Nigeria entails lower yield, high cost of production, and post-harvest losses. Yam produced in Nigeria falls far below the potential crop yield, therefore, it is essential to close these yield gaps through the provision of solutions to the different constraints that hamper sustainable yam production. Despite the challenges, there is still insufficient information on the impact of policies, weeds, pests, and diseases which constitute major constraints. Nigerian farmers mostly utilize indigenous cultural approaches to manage yam production. Their goal of production is to produce yam cultivars that are suitable mainly for food products leading to the neglect of other cultivars. Few selected institutions with a yam mandate have been working on improving the production of D. rotundata and D. alata through breeding yam cultivars suitable for consumption and resilient against pests and diseases. However, more extensive studies should focus on breeding programs for yam resilient under drought and flooding, with peculiar physicochemical properties that give unique textual qualities considered in pounded yam and other yam food products. In this review paper, the significance and limitations of yam production in Nigeria and her efforts to achieve sustainable production are extensively studied.

Maize is an important cereal crop widely grown in all of Nigeria’s agroecology based on its economic and food values. This has led to its optimum production with Nigeria ranking top 12th maize producer in the world. Presently, the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is considered a potential threat to food security in Nigeria due to its devastating feeding pattern on maize and its wide host range. Its invasive and high dispersal nature enhances its spread from its first reported state (Oyo) in early 2016 to the entire 36 states of Nigeria by the year 2018. It accounts for averagely an estimated 34% or more yield reduction in Nigeria’s maize field, hence, a need for an efficient management approach. Although most farmers rely on the use of insecticide, it is found ineffective because of the inaccessible location of FAW in maize. This study was carried out to investigate the different management approaches adopted in Nigeria to control FAW and its impact on the insect pest population. Conventional measures such as planting improved seeds, avoidance of late planting, and polyculture to increase the natural enemy’s population have been used but with limited control of FAW. Maize lines with aflatoxin resistance or transgenic Bt-maize are found resistant to FAW. Botanicals such as neem extract lowered the percentage of leaf area damage, incidence of FAW larva infestation, and the number of larvae. It is difficult to curtail the menace of FAW through one control method, hence, the need for an integrated approach

Soybean is an important crop widely grown in the northern region of Nigeria for human and animal consumption. Commercial production of soybean in Nigeria has existed for eight decades. Current malnutrition and nutrient health problems in Nigeria warranted the introduction of high nutritive and affordable food sources such as soybean in the Nigerian diet. The high demand for soybean and its products has led to the rise in the cultivation of soybean in Nigeria. Although an increase in production has been recorded, the region of production has failed to achieve the potential yield per hectare. In improving soybean production in Nigeria, it is paramount to understand the factors that contribute to the process of production. This review paper provides information on factors affecting soybean production across the regions of production in Nigeria. The identified factors responsible for the yield gap include the impact of climate change on the agroecology shift, nutrient depletion and soil fertility, sowing date, the emergence of pests and diseases, and limited improved soybean cultivars. Adoption of improved soybean variety suitable in agroecology and sowing, at the appropriate sowing date by Nigerian farmers, can guarantee optimum soybean production. Further soybean breeding improvement studies are needed to provide more improved varieties with superior performance in Nigeria’s agroecology to achieve yield potential.

본 연구에서는 포트하코트 시와 나이지리아 리버스주 오비오/아크박 지역의 인력과 기술력 부족이 농업 종합 기업 발전에 영향을 주는지 검토하고, 또한 이외 어떠한 요인이 농업 종합 기업에 영향을 미치는지 분석을 해보았다. 데이터는 두 지방 정부에서 300개의 농업기업에 대해 확보한 자료이다. 분석방법은 인구적 통계, 요인분석 및 다항로지스틱회귀분석을 이용하였다. 다항로지스틱 분석결과 유의성이 5% 이내이며, 이는 인력과 기술력 부족이 농업 종합 기업 발전에 영향을 주는 것을 의미한다. 이에 농업 종합 기업의 수익을 높이기 위해 기업 내부의 관리를 철저히 해야되고 내부 인원의 협작 및 기술능력을 강화시켜야 한다. 또한 과학기술혁신을 통해 기업의 개혁을 촉진해야 한다.

This study examined the influence of ICT on vocational and technical skills acquisition among polytechnic students in Osun State. The sample of the study was 350; consisting of undergraduate students from 2 Polytechnics in Osun State. Self-developed questionnaires were made and validated through pilot testing and administered to the sample for the collection of data. The researcher personally visited respondents, thus 100% of data were collected. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using percentage, frequency count and t-test analysis. The major findings of the study were that there is a significant difference in the impact of ICT on vocational and technical skills acquired by students of Polytechnics in Osun State, ICT has a greater impact on vocational and technical skills acquired by male students than that of females. It was also concluded that there is a significant difference in the impact of ICT on vocational and technical skills acquired by students of Polytechnics in Osun State based on specialization. Based on the findings of the study, major recommendations were enumerated as the government should develop ICT software that will be applicable to their indigenous cultures so as to make ICT more relevant to the local needs of the people, educators should be sponsored to attend workshops, seminars, and conferences, both locally and internationally, and educational programmes should be restructured to make them utility oriented, among others.

This study empirically examined the effect of female director on tax aggressiveness of listed insurance firms in Nigeria. The main objective of this research was to empirically investigate the effect of female board members on tax aggressiveness, determine the composition and representation of female directors on the board of insurance companies, find out how tax aggressive are listed insurance firms and apply the BLAU (1977) index method to measure female director representation as a departure from conventional approaches specifically in the Nigerian context in the reference period, 2014 to 2018. The population of the study consists of all the quoted insurance firms as at 31st December, 2016. A sample of twenty eight (28) quoted insurance firms was selected and data were collected over the period. Inferential statistic consisting of the General Method of Moment was used for the data analysis. The results obtained reveal that board size is negative and exerts significant impact on tax aggressiveness in insurance firms in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that the Federal government has to come up with a policy to respond to the marginalization of female on the insurance firm corporate board in Nigeria. The aim of this policy thrust should be targeted at reducing politics and biasness against women on the corporate boards of listed insurance firms.

A typical Mathematics class is comprised of a heterogeneous group of students in terms of academic ability, learning styles, intelligence quotient, home background and the likes. The inability of the teachers to effectively manage these differences usually leads to poor academic achievement among the learners, especially the weak ones. This study therefore determined the effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Technique on low learning ability students in Mathematics. Quasi-experimental research design was adopted. The sample size purposively selected consisted of 137 students from four schools in Education District II and IV, Lagos State, Nigeria. Two hypotheses were raised and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The collected data were analyzed using t-test. The result of the analysis revealed that cooperative learning strategy enhanced the low ability students’ achievement in Mathematics. Also, cooperative learning strategy enhanced low learning abilities students in understanding mathematics irrespective of their gender. It is therefore, recommended that teachers should adopt the cooperative learning strategy to teach Mathematics. For teachers to be more conversant with the use of cooperative learning strategy, as well as other interactive methods of teaching mathematics, workshops and conferences should be organized for secondary schools on the use of different methods of teaching learners from different ability levels, especially cooperative learning strategy.

This study empirically examined the effect of female director on tax aggressiveness of listed insurance firms in Nigeria. The main objective of this research was to empirically investigate the effect of female board members on tax aggressiveness, determine the composition and representation of female directors on the board of insurance companies, find out how tax aggressive are listed insurance firms and apply the BLAU (1977) index method to measure female director representation as a departure from conventional approaches specifically in the Nigerian context in the reference period, 2014 to 2018. The population of the study consists of all the quoted insurance firms as at 31st December, 2016. A sample of twenty eight (28) quoted insurance firms was selected and data were collected over the period. Inferential statistic consisting of the General Method of Moment was used for the data analysis. The results obtained reveal that board size is negative and exerts significant impact on tax aggressiveness in insurance firms in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that the Federal government has to come up with a policy to respond to the marginalization of female on the insurance firm corporate board in Nigeria. The aim of this policy thrust should be targeted at reducing politics and biasness against women on the corporate boards of listed insurance firms.

본 논문은 나이지리아 보코하람 소요사태를 다루는 과정에서 나이지리아 현 대통령 소령(rtd) 마하무두 부하리(mahamudu buhari)와 직계 전 대통령 굿럭 조나단(jonathan)의 역할을 분석하고자 한다. 나이지리아는 공정한 분쟁 분담이 없는 적이 없었다. 사실, 독립 후 10년 동안 어떤 나이지리아도 분쟁이 없었던 적이 없었다. 몇몇 쿠데타와 총파업 그리고 내전으로 나이지리아 사람들은 의견과 불신의 차이에서 비롯되는 가장 비참한 비극들 중 일부를 경험해야 했다. 나이지리아에서의 갈등이 지금처럼 필요한 관심을 받지 못했다는 얘기가 흥미롭다. 굿럭 조나단 지도부는 2015년 5월 취임한 무함마두 부하리 전 총리와 비교할 때 같은 노력과 협조를 받지 못했다. 본 논문은 두 나이지리아 지도자가 협력하는 것을 돕거나 방해하는 중요한 역할을 한다고 주장한다. 굿럭 조나단은 약하고 우유부단한 지도자로 인식되어 보코하람의 폭동을 효과적으로 다루지 못했다. 무하마두 부하리는 나이지리아 국민과 국제사회가 보코하람 반란을 타개할 큰 희망과 기대를 안고 취임했다.

Bullying among secondary school students has become one of the most disturbing issues in Nigeria. A variety of bullying behaviour abounds with their attendant negative consequences. This study investigated students’ attitudes towards bullying, environments in which bullying takes place and the extent of their involvement in bullying behaviours. The sample comprised 592 senior secondary students in Owerri metropolis who completed the Attitude to Bullying Rating Scale (ABRS), Checklist on Environments of Bullying (CEB), and Involvement in Bullying Rating Scale (IBRS). The findings indicate that a majority of students (67.57%) exhibited an inappropriate attitude toward bullying. Bullying was found to be prevalent among senior secondary school students in Owerri. Of the total number of students, 57.43% were involved as victims, 68.92% were involved as bullies, while 74.66% were involved as bystanders On the nature of bullying, social bullying ranked highest (82.94%), followed by physical bullying (81.1%) and verbal bullying (64%). With regards to the environments where bullying occurs, the study found that bullying can take place anywhere in the school and outside the school, however, the prominent places include the classroom (without the teacher), school play grounds, corridors, toilet ends, school canteens and on the way home. While a greater number of the male students were involved in physical bullying, more females were involved in verbal bullying. It is recommended that anti-bullying campaign be mounted in the secondary schools.

Education is undoubtedly the greatest instrument which man has devised for his own progress. All societies have one form of education or another but the use to which it is put varies. This study investigated study habits, academic locus of control and self-efficacy as correlates of academic achievement among undergraduate students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. A descriptive research survey was utilised for the study. The sample consisted of 524 undergraduate students selected from five faculties through proportional stratified random sampling technique. Three research questions and corresponding hypotheses were tested at .05 significant level while data were generated using standardized psychological tests which are Internal Control Index (ICI), Self-Efficacy Scale (SES), Study Habit Inventory (SHI) and Cumulative Grade point Average (CGPA) of the participants. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Statistics was used to analyse the data. Results obtained showed a significant relationship between study habits, locus of control, self-efficacy and academic achievement among undergraduate students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. It was recommended that parents, lecturers and the stakeholders on the campus and in the society at large should empower the undergraduate students to match both external and internal locus of control by self-efficacy, competence and effective study habits to achieve their academic goals.

This study investigated the relationship between class size and students’ participation on the academic performance of senior secondary school students in Nigeria. The population for this study comprised all the Senior Secondary school students in Mainland Local Government Area, Lagos State. The study adopted descriptive survey design and random sampling technique was used in arriving at the selection of two hundred and seventy (270) students and thirty (30) teachers among the population of senior secondary school students in Mainland Local Government Area in Lagos State, which formed the sample of this study. Specifically, students and teachers were randomly selected from six Senior Secondary schools in Mainland Local Government in Lagos State. Forty five (45) Senior Secondary school students and five (5) teachers were randomly sampled from each school. Two self- developed, structured and validated questionnaires (students’ questionnaire and teachers’ questionnaire) of 15 items for teachers’ questionnaire and 18 items for students’ questionnaire were used to collect information from the students and teachers after its validity and reliability were determined. The data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, simple percentage while Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient statistical tool was used for hypothesis testing at 0.05 levels of significance. The study revealed that: there is no significant relationship between class size and academic performance. There is significant difference between the students’ participation and their academics performance in secondary schools. There is no significance relationship between students’ perception of class size and the academic performance. There is no significance relationship between teachers’ perception of class size and the students’ academic performance.

This study aims to survey current chicken industry and the status of technology based on the KAFACI project on the promotion of good management for increased productivity of market oriented small scale chicken producers in Nigeria. The agricultural sector has been identified as a virile sector with varieties of opportunities for the much sought diversification of revenue base and employment generation in Nigeria despite the dominance of smallholder farmers. The chicken enterprise has being a component of the livestock industry showing increasing importance. Growing entrepreneurships for sustainable growth of the industry requires investigating the prevailing environment in market-oriented chicken production in Southwest Nigeria. This study investigated the production practices, constraints of market oriented smallholder chicken farmers. Data were generated through farm survey of 240 farmers selected by multi-stage sampling techniques from 5 out of 6 states in the Southwest. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study shows a population of famers dominated by male 76.7% and average year of education of 13.88years. Foundation stock of birds are prominently sourced from commercial hatcheries (75.8%) and reared under intensive management system (87.8%). Majority of the farmers (46.7%) are into rearing of layers, broilers and cockerels with an average stock size of 449, 157 and 158 birds respectively. Birds are fed twice daily (74.8%) on compounded ration by 95.4% of the farmers. Major production constraints are high feed cost (32.1%), shortage of capital (30.0%) and poor access to market (25.4%). However, 96.7% of the farmers considered the enterprise profitable.

지속적으로 발생하고 있는 해적 문제에 대해서 해사보안 관련 협약의 시행 이 해적활동을 진압하는 중요한 방법 중의 하나로 여겨진다. 하지만 더 중요한 것은 그러한 협약이 해적방지를 강화하고 선박에 대한 해적활동 대응책을 장려 하며, 그리고 해적을 상대할 수 있는 기타 모든 방법을 도입 및 강화시킬 수 있 는 기회를 제공해야 한다는 것이다. 한편, 나이지리아 해적의 특성은 항만과 주 변 환경, 연안, 공해와 같은 영토적인 요소와 함께 사회적인 요소를 포함하고 있다. 선박 및 항만시설 보안 코드는 해사분야의 이해관계자에게 역할을 분담 함으로써 해적으로 인한 보안 위험요소를 예방하고 극복하는 데 있어서 전 해 역에 걸쳐 적용될 제도를 도입하고 있다. 이 논문은 전 세계의 해적방지를 목적으로 나이지리아 연안에서의 해적을 방지하기 위해 동 코드의 역할을 살펴보 고자 한다. 그리고 이 논문은 동 코드의 효과적이고 광범위한 시행이 해적공격 에 대한 선박의 취약성을 감소시키고 해적위험성 평가를 강화시키며 궁극적으 로 나이지리아 연안에서의 해적발생을 감소시키는 등 해적행위 대응을 위한 능 력개발을 강화시키는지에 대해 고찰해보고자 한다.

In recent years there has been a drop in the percentage of male teachers. The gender disparity is evidenced in many primary and secondary schools in Nigeria. This article is set to ascertain the nature of gender disparity in Nigerian publicly funded schools, the underlying reasons for the growing disparity, such as the feminization of the teaching profession, low teacher’s salary, flexibility of teaching of the profession, women as care givers, cultural belief, and sexual molestation. Challenges to the increase of male teachers in schools, such as low status of teaching, parental expectation, work policies and societal perception were explored. The implications of the absence of male teachers in the schools, among others, were failure among male students, academic under-achievement, under-utilization of male talent and indiscipline in school. Suggested courses for action to increase the presence of male teachers in schools include improving the condition of service, education policy reform, gender balance in other professions, publicizing a male friendly environment, and admitting men to educational programs. The aforementioned are efforts meant to encourage diversity in the teaching workforce. The article relied heavily on data collected from Education Management Boards of some Nigerian States’ for its discussion.

The relevance of gender equality to the development process underscores the need for creating opportunities for girls and women to have access to all levels of education – primary, secondary and tertiary. Women require formal education for self and national development. Since Nigeria has a significant population of girls and women, it is imperative that their education is given a pride of place. This paper examines the policies that have been made to promote the education of girls and women at the three levels of education (basic, post-basic and tertiary) in Nigeria, and the situation of girl-child and women’s education in the country. The paper also discusses the challenges confronting education of girls and women, such as high number of out-of-school children caused by child labor practices, early marriage and teenage pregnancy; inadequate female participation rates in higher education; etc. Some actions that could be taken to address the challenges are recommended. These include equalizing access to quality education, provision of welfare support for pupils/students, the establishment of an open school system, enforcing laws on compulsory school attendance at the basic education level, economic empowerment of women, and the promotion of science and technological education among women.

The study investigated the relationship between parental attention, educational experience and criminal behaviour of students in Borstal Institutions. The purpose was to improve the quality of parent-child relationships and reduce juvenile criminality in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive correlation type survey. The target population consisted of 1,394 juvenile offenders who were housed at the Borstal Institutions. The sample comprised of 450 participants who were randomly selected using a balloting (hat and draw) method of simple random sampling. Two researcher-constructed instruments were used in the study, namely: a “Criminal Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ)” and a “Parental Attention & Educational Experience Questionnaire (PAEEQ)”. Data was analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistical method. The findings revealed that a significant relationship existed between parental attention and criminal behaviour; and between educational experience and criminal behaviour of students in Borstal Institutions.Itwas concluded that adequate parental love, warmth, care, attention are imperative for effective parenting and child rearing.

항만국통제를 이용한 해적행위 퇴치는 선박이나 항만 및 그 주변에서 모든 형태의 불법행위를 방지할 수 있는 예방적 조치이므로 매우 효과적이다. 더욱 이 항만국통제는 해적행위를 예방할 뿐만 아니라, 감시, 체포, 소추 및 처벌하 는 보안관련 국제협약을 이행하기 위한 검증된 제도이다. 오늘날 나이지리아에 서 주요 공격대상인 유조선에 대한 대부분의 해적행위는 국가경제의 대들보인 기름과 가스의 개발이 이루어지고 있는 영해 이내에서 발생하고 있다. 본래 해 적행위란 1982년 유엔해양법협약 제101조에 따라 공해상에서 민간선박 또는 민 간항공기의 승무원이나 승객이 사적 목적으로 다른 선박이나 항공기 또는 그 선박이나 항공기 내의 사람이나 재산에 대하여 범하는 불법적 폭력행위, 억류 또는 약탈행위를 말한다. 그러나 저자는 오늘날 나이지리아를 포함한 대부분의 해상 불법행위는 영해 이내의 수역에서 발생하고 있고, 또 공해상으로 그 행위 가 확장하고 있기 때문에 이들 불법행위를 해적행위로 간주하고 이에 대한 대 응방안을 제시한다. 이 논문에서는 나이지리아에서의 해적행위를 퇴치하기 위 한 방안으로서 항만국통제의 효과적인 활용에 대하여 검토한다.

나이지리아 영해는 유조선을 포함한 해상교통량의 증대로 해적활동의 주요 근거지가 되고 있다 이러한 . 해상 불법행위는 해적행위를 근절시키겠다는 나이지리아 정부의 의지가 부족할뿐만 아니라 보안요원, 정치인, 석유회사 및 정부간 결탁된 부패의 결과 근절되지 않고 계속되고 있다. 따라서 이 논문에서 는 나이지리아 영해에서의 해적행위 대응을 위하여 항만국 통제의 활용을 제시하고 있다. 이러한 방법은 범세계적 법제와 더불어 국내적 법제의 효과적인 활용을 통해 강화되어야 할 것이다. 이 연구에서는 해적대응을 위한 일반적인 원인과 도전에 대해 검토하고, 더불어 해적대응을 위한 다양한 방안을 도출하기 위하여 여타 국가의 사례를 검토한다. 특히 이 연구에서는 나이지리아의 현행 법제를 통한 해적대응이 효율적이지 못하기 때문에 영해 내에서의 항만을 기반으로 한 항만국 통제의 활용을 제안하고 있다. 왜냐하면 항만은 국제적 지역적 그리고 국내적 , 법제를 시행함에 있어서 제반 해사분야의 활동을 통제하는 최적의 장소로서 나이지리아에서의 해적행위를 효율적으로 통제할 수 있을 것이기 때문이다. 더욱이 이러한 항만국 통제 제도는 기준미달 선박을 찾아내어 출항통제를 하고, 국제적·지역적·국내적 법규의 위반을 방지함은 물론 선박소유자들이 취하고 있는 해적행위 방지를 위한 제반 보안조치를 강화시켜 주기도 한다.