The annual total phosphorus load caused by public wastewater, nightsoil and livestock manure treatment facilities in Korea has been examined macroscopically. Annual domestic average phosphorus (P) inflows through the income of phosphate rock for the last five years (2012 - 2016) were analyzed as 76,598 tons/year. As of the year 2015, the total loadings of phosphorus attributed to public wastewater treatment facilities, nightsoil treatment facilities and livestock wastewater were estimated as 30,269 tons/year, 1,909 tons/year and 18,138 tons/year, respectively. Considering the amount of phosphorus imports, the annual phosphorus load from wastewater, livestock wastewater and excretions is equivalent to 39.5%, 23.7%, 2.5% and totally 65.7%(39.5% + 23.7% + 2.5%). Therefore, the introduction of phosphorus recovery and recycling processes for the public wastewater and livestock manure treatment facilities has been found to be effective because it could reduce the import amount of phosphate rock by up to 60% or more.

합성폐수 내의 유기물(COD), 질산성 질소, 인산이온을 제거하기 위한 폐수처리 시스템 개 발을 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 먼저 COD는 HClO의 산화 반응에 의해 거의 100 % 제거되었으며 전기 화학적 처리에 의해 질산성 질소가 암모니아성 질소로 환원되지만, 암모니아성 질소는 HClO 처리에 의 해 질산성 질소로 재 산화 되었다. 암모니아성 질소는 가열 증발 처리에 의하여 거의 100% 제거 되었 으며 HClO 처리를 하여도 재 산화되는 암모니아성 질소는 나타나지 않았다. 인산 이온은 pH에 따라 금속 착염을 형성함으로써 침전 처리에 의해 제거할 수 있었으며 전기화학적 처리와 HClO 처리를 통 하여 COD 99.5 % 이상, 질소 97.3 %, 인 91.5 %의 제거 효율을 얻을 수 있었다.

A membrane bioreactor by sequentially alternating the inflow and by applying a two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation was evaluated in terms of phosphorus removal efficiency and cost-savings. The MBR consisted of two identical alternative reaction tanks, followed by aerobic, anoxic and membrane tanks, where the wastewater and the internal return sludge alternatively flowed into each alternative reaction tank at every 2 hours. In the batch-operated alternative reaction tank, the initial concentration of nitrate rapidly decreased from 2.3 to 0.4 mg/L for only 20 minutes after stopping the inflow, followed by substantial release of phosphorus up to 4 mg/L under anaerobic condition. Jar test showed that the minimum alum doses to reduce the initial PO4-P below 0.2 mg/L were 2 and 9 mol-Al/mol-P in the wastewater and the activated sludge from the membrane tank, respectively. It implies that a pre-coagulation in influent is more cost-efficient for phosphorus removal than the coagulation in the bioreactor. On the result of NUR test, there were little difference in terms of denitrification rate and contents of readily biodegradable COD between raw wastewater and pre-coagulated wastewater. When adding alum into the aerobic tank, alum doses above 26 mg/L as Al2O3 caused inhibitory effects on ammonia oxidation. Using the two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation, the P concentration in the MBR effluent was kept below 0.2 mg/L with the alum of 2.7 mg/L as Al2O3, which was much lower than 5.1∼7.4 mg/L as Al2O3 required for typical wastewater treatment plants. During the long-term operation of MBR, there was no change of the TMP increase rate before and after alum addition.

The study of lake pollution problems is often related to the dynamic behavior of phosphorus. Several phosphorus models are available that may be suitable to study these problems. Depending on the the management objectives and data availability, some models may be more appropriate than others. Criteria are defined to help modelers choose the most appropriate total phosphorus models for different lakes. These criteria consider in-lake processes such as sediment feedback, stratification, and algal uptake and recycle.

국내 하수처리장에서는 방류수에 총인 규제의 강화에 대응하기 위해 응집제와 여과 혹은 가압 부상 등의 방법을 이용하여 인을 물리·화학적으로 처리고 있으며, 사용되는 응집제는 주로 황산반토, PAC(poly aluminum chloride)등을 이용되고 있다. 그리고 처리 과정에서 발생되는 슬러지(이하에서는 총인 슬러지라고 함)는 별도로 탈수하거나 처리장의 여건에 따라 소화 슬러지와 통합하여 탈수하여 처분되고 있는 실정이다. 총인 슬러지에는 다량의 알루미늄과 인이 함께 함유되어 있으며, D시 하수처리장에 발생되는 총인 슬러지를 대상으로 하여 분석한 결과, 알루미늄이 150~220g/kg, 총인이 16~23g/kg정도 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 함유량은 다량의 응집제를 사용하는 정수 공정에서 발생되는 슬러지의 알루미늄 함유량(110~140g/kg)에 비해서도 높은 값임을 알 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 D시의 하수처리장 중에서 총인 슬러지를 별도로 탈수 처리하고 있는 처리장의 슬러지를 대상으로 비료의 원료로 사용할 수 있는 인과 응집제로 재사용을 위한 알루미늄의 회수를 위한 기초적 조건을 검토하고 회수한 응집제의 인의 회수능과 분리 회수한 인의 순도에 대한 검토를 실시하였다. 회수한 응집제의 경우는 황산반토와 유사한 인의 제거능을 보였으나, Hydroxylapatite의 형태로 회수한 인의 경우는 알루미늄과의 완전한 분리가 이루어지지 않아 중량 단위로 인에 비해 3배 이상의 알루미늄이 되어 있는 것으로 나타났지만, 총인 슬러지에 있어서 인의 함유량이 알루미늄의 약 10배 정도임을 감안한다면, 약 70%의 알루미늄을 제거한 알루미늄과 결합되어 있을 가능성이 높은 Hydroxylapatite를 얻을 수 있었다.

This study was performed to evaluate the removal feasibility of nitrogeneous malodor compounds using AlPO4 zeolite manufactured by total phosphorus sludge (herein after TPS), which was produced from sewage treatment plant. Adsorbents in this study were activated carbon treated by H3PO4 (herein after AC), bead (herein after B-TPS) and pellet type adsorbents (herein after P-TPS) manufactured from total phosphorus sludge which was generated from sewage treatment plant. The breakthrough time of AC for ammonia gas (herein after NH3) removal was approximately 320 min, while those of BTPS and P-TPS were 1,140 min and 820 min, respectively. For trimethylamine (herein after TMA) removal, the breakthrough time of AC was 400 min, B-TPS and P-TPS were 1,180min and 1,100 min, respectively. From the results, it judged that adsorbents produced by TPS could be used to replace AC.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

산지계류수에서의 T-N(총질소), T-P(총인) 및 COD(화학적산소요구량)의 농도와 유출부하의 변화를 파악하고 산림의 수질정화기능을 평가하였다. 충청북도에 있는 시험유역은 면적이 92.5 ha이며 59%의 혼효림과 30%의 침엽수림으로 구성되어 있다. 시험유역의 말단에서 평상시는 10일 간격으로 또한, 1개의 강우사상에 대하여 2-6 시간 간격으로 계류수의 유량과 농도를 1년간 측정하였다. 강우시의 평균농도는 COD만이 유의적인 수준(p<0.05)에서

An on-line digestion system based on the flow injection analysis technique was presented for the determination of total phosphorus. The system converts condensed and organic phosphoruses into orthophosphate that can be analyzed spectrophotometically. The reaction between orthophosphate and ammonium molybdate in a strong acid medium forms the yellow complex of phosphomolybdate which is next reduced to a molybdic blue complex by stannous chloride. The quantitation of orthophosphate is based on the absorbance of the molybdic blue. To determine total phosphorus, the digestion system was installed between the sample injector and the reaction coil with the added lines of digestion solution(potassium persulfate+sulfuric acid) and the H_2O carrier. The system has shown that the digestion efficiencies were greater than 95% for the typical condensed and organic phosphoruses. When tripolyphosphate standards were used, the calibration data showed that the linear dynamic range extended to a concentration of 1.5ppm with the detection limit of 25 ppb total phosphorus. The typical relative standard deviation was less than 2%. The proposed system was successfully applied to lake water, wastewater, and streamwater. The analytical variables such as digestion efficiency, analysis time, and reproducibility were evaluated and compared with the manual digestion method.