Copper, silver, and gold-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (Cu-rGO, Ag-rGO, and Au-rGO) were fabricated via the hydrothermal method, which shows unique physiochemical properties. Environment friendly electromagnetic radiation was employed to synthesize rGO from GO. The nonlinear optical phenomenon of noble metal decorated rGO is predominantly due to excited state absorption, which arises from surface plasmon resonance and increases in defects at the surface due to Cu, Ag, and Au incorporation. It is found that the third-order nonlinear absorption coefficient was in the order of 10− 10 m/W, with notable enhancements in the third-order properties of Au-rGO compared to other nanocomposites and their respective counterparts. Functionalizing rGO induces defect states ( sp3), increasing NLO response. Cu, Ag, and Au exhibit higher Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) activity due to rGO-induced structural modifications. SERS signals are influenced by dominant signals from Au nanorods. The electronic structures for pure and doped rGO were investigated through Density Functional Theory (DFT). The computed partial density of states (PDOS) confirms the enhancement of the state in Au-doped rGO is due to the charge transference from Au to C 2p orbital. The optical absorption spectra and PDOS reveal the possibility of free carrier absorption enhancement in Au which validates experimentally observed higher two-photon absorption (β) value of Au-doped rGO. The tuning of nonlinear optical and SERS behaviour with variation in the noble metal upon rGO provides an easy way to attain tuneable properties which are exceedingly required in both optoelectronics and photonics applications.

We report the comparative study of electronic and optical properties of (6,1) SWCNT from GGA and DFT-1/2 methods. (6,1) SWCNT is a low-bandgap semiconductor, which falls within ( n1 − n2)/3≠ integer. The calculated bandgaps are 0.371 eV and 0.462 eV from GGA and DFT-1/2, respectively. Thus, DFT-1/2 enhanced the electronic bandgap by 24.52%. From both GGA and DFT-1/2 approaches (6,1) SWCNT exhibits an indirect bandgap along Γ − Δ symmetry. However, the percentage change in direct–indirect bandgap is negligibly small, i.e., 4.1% and 3.7% from GGA and DFT-1/2, respectively. The refractive index measured along x-axis ( n x ) approaches unity, indicating transparent behaviour, while that along z-axis ( n z ) goes as high as ∼3.82 for photon energy 0.0 − 0.15 eV, exhibiting opaque behaviour. Again, the value of n z drops below unity at photon energy ∼0.18 eV and again approaches ∼ 1 for higher energy ranges. The optical absorption is highly anisotropic and active within the infrared region.

Cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) is one of the most wide-spread oxide supporting materials for the precious metal nanoparticle class of heterogeneous catalysts. Because ceria can store and release oxygen ions, it is an essential catalytic component for various oxidation reactions such as CO oxidation (2CO + O2 2CO2). Moreover, reduced ceria is known to be reactive for water activation, which is a critical step for activation of water-gas shift reaction (CO + H2O → H2 + CO2). Here, we apply van der Waals-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with U correction to study the mechanism of water chemisorption on CeO2(111) surfaces. A stoichiometric CeO2(111) and a defected CeO2(111) surface showed different water adsorption chemistry, suggesting that defected CeO2 surfaces with oxygen vacancies are responsible for water binding and activation. An appropriate level of water-ceria chemisorption energy is deduced by vdW-corrected non-local correlation coupled with the optB86b exchange functional, whereas the conventional PBE functional describes weaker water-ceria interactions, which are insufficient to stabilize (chemisorb) water on the ceria surfaces.

Ventilation devices and room air cleaners can be used to remove indoor contaminants from indoor air. Generally, room air cleaners are rated according to clean air delivery rate (CADR). However, a similar metric for ventilation has not been used to be compared with CADR of room air cleaner. The CADRs and cost-effectiveness metrics (CADR/kw) of ventilation devices and room air cleaners were newly defined and theoretically compared for a child care center. The results indicate that the CADRs of room air cleaner were greater than that of ventilation. A higher collection efficiency for the particles guaranteed a higher CADR for ventilation. Ventilation filter had a performance that exceeds MERV11 should be used to effectively control the indoor particle concentration. The stand alone type air cleaner was found to have the best performance in the cost-effectiveness. The reason for this is that the effective air cleaning ratio of the stand alone type air cleaner is higher than that of the others and the power consumption of the stand alone type air cleaner is lowest.

On March 10, 2011, Chairman Wu Bangguo of the standing committee of China's National People's Congress announced that a socialist law system with Chinese characteristics has formed, but the legal system can be constructed through legislation to form? What meanings are vocabularies that describe the characteristics of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics? And what is the evaluation criterion of this system? To answer these questions, in this paper, we combine the key laws in the key point and the legal disputes between scholars in the forming process of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, trying to sketch a picture of pure and fresh and full of historical composition and theoretical framework.Core idea of this article think, first, the constitution i plays a fundamental role in the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Whether the constitution itself is good or bad determines the content and value of the system, also determines the path and the historical track of the formation of the system. China's National People's Congress (NPC) as the main architect of this system, whose behavior is restricted by the constitution. Second, although all previous changes to the Chinese constitution, which are the result of the development of social politics economy and culture in China, but deepened people’s understand to the law in China, led to scientific discussion of the legal system, and thus indirectly affect the content of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Furthermore, we think that the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in fact is the result of benign operation of constitutionalism under the guidance of the constitution in China.First of all, the legal system was proposed based on the needs of the legislation, and analyzed the social cause to the concept. Second, Chinese scholars on the legal system of tong said, which is to point to by a country's current legal norms, formed by the combination according to different classification of legal department of a systematic organic connection of the unified whole. Through the analysis, we think it boils down to law system, in essence is a normative system. It lasted for the basic ideas of analytical positivism jurisprudence, its biggest function is to guide legislators classify legislation, by looking for omissions, additions, so can effective legislation in a short period of time. At the same time, it also facilitates law student learning, and provides direction for their future work in the legal fields. In thought, law system highlights the national centralism construction view, emphasized the national rationality, maintenance of the constitution established the people's congress system, set up the center of the National People's Congress and its standing committee at all levels. The constructivism too believes that the role of human reason. Again, through the use of historical material, analyses the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has undergone a preliminary formation, the basic form, and then to the final forming process. While the theory of socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics has experienced a "socialist legal system", "legal system of socialist market economy", "the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics" between transformation of space and time. Between the key combed the Chinese officials and scholars discussing the standard about legal system formed, because this is a major theoretical issues in construction of legal system. After analyzing various views, point that the constitution is in the core position in the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, if considering t the constitution should be brought into the formation of legal system, and care to the codification of China tradition, criterion of formation can be summed up in four: (1) whether the full implementation of the provisions of the constitution as the legislation; (2) the basic law of law department has codified ; (3) respect for human rights; (4) the unity of legal system. Although the legislation is a difficult task, but compared to law enforcement of the legal system, it is relatively easy. When legislation is not largely enacted, legal interpretation, especially the judicial function becomes increasingly obvious. These are all challenges for China in the future.

In this outline, the stability of solid/liquid dispersion was theoretically investigated the matter from all angles by using the modified DLVO theory. The stability was handled various considerations such as a production and characteristics of electrical double layer, total interaction(VT) that consisting of attractive force(VA) and repulsion(VR). coagulation, the stability ratio(W), critical flocculation concentration (cfc) and zeta potential(ξ) etc. It was possible for us to examine with the stability ratio(W), critical flocculation concentration (cfc) and zeta potential(ξ) that may estimation of stability of solid/liquid dispersion experimentally.