To effectively assess the inventory of radionuclides generated from nuclear power plants using a consistent evaluation method across diverse groups, it is imperative to analyze the similarity in radioactive distribution between these groups. Various methodologies exist for evaluating this similarity, and the application of statistical approaches allows us to establish similarity at a specific confidence level while accounting for the dataset size (degrees of freedom). Initially, if the variance characteristics of the two groups are similar, a t-test for equal variances can be employed. However, if the variance characteristics differ, methods for unequal variances should be applied. This study delineates the approach for assessing the similarity in radioactive distribution based on the analytical characteristics of the two groups. Furthermore, it delves into the results obtained through two case studies to offer insights into the assessment process.

이 연구에서는 현행 복구비 산출체계의 문제점 및 원인을 도출하기 위해 이해관계자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 회신된 181건의 설문지 중에서 75%가 공무원 집단, 25%가 비공무원 집단으로 분류되었다. 업무수행 경력의 경우 공무원 집단에서는 1~3년(39%)이, 비공무원 집단에서는 10년 이상(73%)이 가장 높은 점유율을 차지하여 상이하게 나타났으나, 현행 복구비 산출체계에 대한 이해도는 두 집단 모두 동일한 수준으로 분석되었다. 두 표본집단을 대상으로 복구비 산출체계의 토지이용 유형(산지전용(일시사용)허가⋅신고지(광물채굴지 제외), 토석채취(매각) 지 및 광물채굴지) 및 산지경사 등급(10° 미만, 10~20°, 20~30°, 30° 이상) 분류에 관한 인식을 파악한 결과, 공무원 집단은 비교적 적절하다는 의견을 나타낸 반면 비공무원 집단은 보통 수준 이하의 의견을 나타내 현행 토지이용 유형 및 산지경사 등급을 목적사업 이후의 개변된 산지상황에 부합되도록 보다 세분화할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 이러한 분류에 따르는 현행 1㎡당 복구비 산정기준 금액에 대해 두 집단이 적당하다 또는 그 이하로 평가하였으나, 비공무원 집단에서는 특히 토석채취(매각)지 및 광물채굴지의 복구비 산정기준 금액이 과하다는 의견을 표하기도 하였다. 이는 매년 물가상승률에 준하여 추가로 복구비를 예치해야 하는 경제적 부담이 원인으로 작용한 것으로 추정된다. 한편, 복구비 산정을 위한 17가지 기준공종의 적정성에 대해 특히 비공무원 집단의 다수가 의문점을 제기하였는데, 수로공 및 녹화공에 해당하는 떼누구막이 적용빈도가 가장 낮았다. 다만, 적용빈도가 가장 높은 공종인 비탈다듬기는 떼누구막이에 이어 적용빈도가 낮은 공종으로도 선정됐는데, 이는 대집행으로 산지복구가 이루어질 경우에는 토공작업이 선행되는 반면 자력으로 이루어졌을 경우 이미 토공작업이 완료된 시점에서 복구설계가 이루어지기 때문이다. 실제로 시행된 복구공사에서도 토공 또는 사면안정공에 소요되는 비용이 가장 많았으며, 복구설계 승인기준에 적합하지 않게 훼손된 대집행 복구공사지 에서는 오히려 복구비 부족의 원인이 되기도 하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 현행 복구비 산출체계에 관한 제도적 개선의 필요성을 보여준다.

Bacterial fruit blotch(BFB) of cucurbits caused by Acidovorax citrulli(Acc) continues to diminish fruit yields. The aim of this study was to address whether two genetically distinct populations of Acc are present in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. For this purpose, we used the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction(ERIC-PCR) profiling and substrate-utilization profiles. According to the results of ERIC-PCR, group I and II strains showed clearly differentiated PCR-based fingerprinting profiles. Differences between group I and II strains included amplification of unique, group-specific DNA fragments such as the 1.3-, 0.28-, and 0.25-kb fragments in ERIC-PCR. Acc stains belonging to group I did not use L-leucine, whereas group II strains did use the substrate. Our results support the genetic differentiation of Acc strains into two groups and demonstrate that Acc strains from both groups are previously existed in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. Information about the genetic diversity of Acc under the present study will help scientists and managers form strategies to control BFB.

Tingginya minat masyarakat Korea dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia harus diimbangi dengan sistem pengajaran yang efektif dan efisien. Artikel ini menjelaskan masalah dan tantangan pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia untuk penutur asing dua dimensi sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman bagi guru dan peneliti. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Subyek penelitian adalah masalah dan tantangan pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia untuk penutur asing dua dimensi. Obyek penelitian adalah semester pertama HUFS siswa kampus global dan karyawan Samsung yang telah mempelajari bahasa Indonesia selama 300 jam di HUFS kampus global. Kemudian, penelitian ini dijelaskan secara deskriptif. Dari hasil, diketahui bahwa kedua dimensi pengajaran menghasilkan produk yang berbeda. Secara teoritis dan praktis, keterampilan bahasa peserta kursus lebih baik dari mahasiswa semester pertama HUFS. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh kemauan dan motivasi dalam belajar bahasa Indonesia. Selain itu, sistem pengajaran yang berbeda juga mempengaruhi itu. Namun, itu merupakan tantangan bagi guru untuk merancang metode pengajaran yang efektif dan efisien.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD), of which postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome is considered to cause considerable economic losses in pig industry worldwide. As the virus-like particle (VLP) is a highly effective type of subunit vaccine and has unique advantages in terms of safety and immunogenicity, this study aimed to develop PCV2-like particles, which matched currently circulating Korean PCV2 and were applicable as vaccines. The ORF2 genes encoding PCV2 capsid protein were amplified from the PCV2 subgroup 1A/B Korean C275 isolate and the subgroup 2E C94 isolate by PCR assay with primer pair specific to PCV2 ORF2 gene, and were cloned into baculovirus transfer vector. Recombinant baculovirus was generated by cotransfection with the transfer vector and linear baculovirus DNA into the Sf9 cells, and then by plaque purification. Expression of PCV2 capsid protein was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays, and electron microscopy. By both immunological assays, PCV2 capsid antigen was detected in the Sf9 cells infected with the recombinant baculoviruses. The formation of empty virus particles, characteristic of VLP, was detected in the lysate of Sf9 cells infected with the recombinant baculoviruses by negative electron microscopy. From these results, VLPs of two genogroups of PCV2 were successfully expressed and generated in a baculovirus expression system. It is expected that the expressed VLPs of two genotypic groups can be used for control of PCV2 infection as good vaccine candidates.

Surface active properties of these aqueous Gemini surfactant solutions including surface tension, critical micelle concentration(cmc), foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power and Krafft point were measured at given conditions. They showed excellent properties, being compared with conventional single-chain surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfonate(SDS). Their surface tensions in the aqueous solutions were decreased to 30~38 mN/m, which is lower than 39 mN/m of SDS, and their cmc values evaluated by surface tension method were 2.8×10-5~3.3×10-4 mol/L. These values were also much lower than that of SDS, 9.8×10-3 mol/L. The foaming power and foam stability, especially decyl and dodecyl compounds, were good and the emulsifying power in benzene or soybean oil was also excellent. All of the synthesized Gemini surfactants possessed good water solubility and their Krafft points were all below 0℃. As results, DDED and DDOD, Gemini surfactants which were synthesized are expected to be applied as foamers, emulsifiers and so on.

Novel type surfactants containing two long-chain hydrophobic alkyl groups and two hydrophilic sulfonate groups were successfully synthesized by reactions of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether with long-chain fatty alcohols, after then by reactions with 1,3-propane sultone and sodium hydride under THF solvent. All these compounds, so called Gemini surfactants, were purified by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography. Their structures were identified by FT-IR and 1H-NMR.