The Citrus Leafminer (CLM) larvae creates shallow tunnels in leaves of citrus (orange, mandarins, lemons, grapefruit, etc) and commonly attacks citrus young leaves. They spread almost worldwide (North America, Asia, Australia, etc) and difficult to control by chemicals due to their small size and their behavior of leaf rolling. Due to difficult of managing, our interest is preparing pheromone to control; Z7Z11-16;Al is known as the sex pheromone of this species in Japan. While blending Z7Z11-16;Al and Z7Z11E13-16;Al (3:1 ratio) is known as the pheromone of this insect in North America. Even though commercialized and mass produced already in overseas, there had been almost no report in Korea about synthetic studies and field screening results. The control of the regio-isomers is very important in this kind of pheromone synthesis. Our strategy is the regio-selective Wittig olefination reaction between E-pent-2-enyl(triphenylphsphonium)bromide (phosphonium salt) and the counterpart aldehyde using sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) as a base. All the spectroscopic data (1H, 13C, GC-Mass, etc) are nicely matched with the previously reported values. The field screening in the Jeju island is currently ongoing and will be reported.

R-Z 관계식은 레이더 강우추정의 정확도를 결정하는 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 캐나다 궤벡주의 셍레미에서 홍수를 야기한 폭우사례에서 관측된 우적계 및 레이더 자료를 이용하여 레이더 강우추정 시 우적계 자료에서 도출된 R-Z 관계식의 효과를 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 맥길 S-밴드 레이더에서 시간 분해능 2.5분과 공간 분해능 1˚×250m로 관측된 레이더 반사도를 사용하였다. 레이더 반사도 자료에서는 폭우를 동반한 강우세포가 셍레미를 통과한 것으로 관측되었지만 우량계 관측망에서는 낮은 공간 분해능으로 인하여 이 세포가 관측되지 않았다. 셍레미에서 30분과 1시간 최대 누적 강우량은 각각 39 mm와 42 mm였다. 강우사례 동안 두 개의 우적계(POSS; Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System)가 사용되었다. 하나의 우적계는 레이더 반사도와 우적계 반사도를 비교하여 레이더 반사도를 보정하고 다른 우적계는 R-Z 관계식을 유도하는데 사용되었다. 기후학적 R-Z 관계식을 사용하였을 때 보다 반사도에 의존적인 우적계에서 유도된 관계식을 사용하였을 때 강우 추정 오차가 크게 줄었다. 일 누적 강우량에 대하여 편차는 +12%에서 -2%, 평균제곱근오차가 16%에서 10%로 줄었다. 우적계에서 도출된 R-Z 관계식으로 추정된 레이더 강우장을 이용하였을 때 홍수사례에 대하여 강우 발생 시간 및 강우량이 잘 일치하였다.

Lyman break Galaxies are galaxies selected in the rest-frame ultraviolet. But, one important and missing information for these Lyman break galaxies is the amount of dust attenuation. This is crucial to estimate the total star formation rate of this class of objects and, ultimately, the cosmic star formation density. AKARI, Spitzer and Herschel are therefore the major facilities that could provide us with this information. As part of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey, we have began investigating the rest-frame far-infrared properties of a sample of more than 4,800 Lyman Break Galaxies in the GOODS-North fiels. Most LBGs are not detected individually, but we do detect a sub-sample of 12 objects at 0.7 < z <1.6 and one object at z = 2.0. The ones detected by Herschel SPIRE have redder observed NUV-U and U-R colors than the others, while the undetected ones have colors consistent with average LBGs at z > 2.5. We have analysed their UV-to-FIR spectral energy distributions using the code cigale to estimate their physical parameters. We find that LBGs detected by SPIRE are high mass, luminous infrared galaxies. They also appear to be located in a triangle-shaped region in the AFUV vs. logLFUV diagram limited by AFUV = 0 at the bottom and by a diagonal following the temporal evolution of the most massive galaxies from the bottom-right to the top-left of the diagram. In a second step, we move to the larger COSMOS field where we have been able to detect 80 Lyman break galaxies (out of ~ 15,600) in the far infrared. They form the largest sample of Lyman break galaxies at z > 2.5 detected in the far-infrared. We tentatively name them Submillimeter Lyman break galaxies (S-LBGs).

The citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, is an oligophagous pest of Rutaceae family, especially Citrus spp. occurring in most worldwide citrus-growing areas. This study was conducted to evaluate a sex pheromone chemical of CLM, (Z,Z)-7,1l-hexadecadienal (7Z,11Z-16:AI) in monitoring CLM by trap types, the diel activity and the influence of some weather factors on trap catch. CLM was well attracted on a trap baited 7Z,11Z-16:AI 1㎎. Sticky wing trap was more effective than bucket trap. Most caught CLM were attracted at 2~6 a.m. regardless of season, and activity time of CLM was affected by sunrise time as well as sunset time. The trap catch of CLM was more influenced by wind velocity than temperature for activity time of CLM. The number of caught CLM was fallen at below 13℃, but there was little effect for trap catch at over that temperature. The average wind velocity at over 2.0 m/sec made the number of caught CLM drop down. The precipitation did not affect the number of caught CLM when the average wind velocity was lower than at 2.0 m/sec.