Local consumption is considered to have a positive environmental and social impact. A new supply chain strategy has been devised to provide small and medium-sized local farms with enhanced efficiency and accessibility: a bidirectional distribution. Bidirectional distribution is a practice of backhauling local produce on emptied wholesale trucks for redistribution through wholesale markets while employing the existing network of rural stores and wholesale suppliers. Building on the cue utilization theory, this study investigated the effect of product information about bidirectional distribution on consumers’ perceived environmental value, personal well-being value, quality beliefs, and community social and economic value.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the bidirectional association between burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and depression disorders. Methods: A total of 854 pairs of BMS and 58 999 pairs of depression disorders matched 1:1 for age and sex were analyzed using conditional logistic regression models, which were adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Bidirectional analysis found that BMS was associated with depression disorders (odds ratio=4.64, P < 0.001) and depression disorders was also significantly associated with BMS (odds ratio=2.97, P < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate a significant bidirectional association between BMS and depression disorders. The odds ratios suggest that BMS is a stronger predictor for incidence of depression disorders than depression disorders predicting incidence of BMS. Given this retrospective cohort design, the mechanisms underlying the association between BMS and depression disorders are not directly analyzed. Therefore, further investigation are needed to analyze the causality between BMS and depression disorders.

This case report describes satisfactory correction of deep and large canine corneal ulcerations by application of bidirectional corneo-conjunctival transposition (CCT). A 12-year-old spayed female Maltese dog with a large corneal descemetocele, perforation, and blepharospasm of the right eye was referred to Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. More than half of the thickness of the cornea was damaged, and the ulcer was progressive. On ophthalmic examination, menace response and dazzle reflex were absent. No corneal melting was observed. As the patient had large and deep corneal ulcers, traditional one-sided CCT was not sufficient to cover the wound lesion. To increase corneal transparency after recovery, we decided to perform bidirectional CCT from 12 o’ clock on the dorsal side to 7 o’ clock on the ventral side. The dog was medicated with topical eye drops, ofloxacin, atropine, and moxifloxacin before surgery. Debridement with a diamond burr was then performed around the descemetocele. Five weeks after surgery, the dazzle reflex was restored as the blood vessel receded from the cornea to the conjunctiva. Eight weeks after surgery, corneal transparency and corneal stability were gradually restored, but not completely. Bidirectional CCT provides structural support and helps corneal wound healing in large canine corneal ulceration.

In this study, two full-scale gravity load-designed reinforced concrete corner beam-column joints were tested by being subjected to uniand bi-directional cyclic lateral loading. The test variable was loading type: uni- or bi-directional loading. To investigate the effect of the loading type on the cyclic behavior of joint specimens, damage progression, force-deformation relation, contribution of joint deformation to total drift, joint stress-strain response, and cumulative energy dissipation were investigated. The test data suggest that bidirectional loading can amplify damage accumulation in the joint region.

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings built in the 1980s are vulnerable to seismic behavior because they were designed without any consideration of seismic loads. These buildings have widely spaced transverse reinforcements and a short lap splice length of longitudinal reinforcements, which makes them vulnerable to severe damage or even collapse during earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of bidirectional lateral loads on RC columns with deficient reinforcement details. An experimental test was conducted for two full-scale RC column specimens. The test results of deficient RC columns revealed that bidirectional loading deteriorates the seismic capacity when compared with a column tested unidirectionally. Modeling parameters were extracted from the tested load-displacement response and compared with those proposed in performance-based design standards. The modeling parameters proposed in the standards underestimated the deformation capacity of tested specimens by nearly 50% and overestimated the strength capacity by 15 to 20%.

In this paper, a two-way tuned liquid mass damper(TLMD) using a tuned liquid column damper(TLCD) and a rubber-bearing-type tuned mass damper(TMD) was manufactured for controlling two-way direction acceleration responses of a high-rise building structure. The proposed controlling device behaves as a tuned liquid column damper in one direction and as a tuned mass damper in the other direction. In this study, Performance evaluation of the downscaled model is conducted. The results show that the two-way controllability is behaved independently each other and realscale TLMD applicable to the high-rise building can be designed.

기존의 RC 교각에 대한 내진성능 연구는 실험여건상 일방향 반복하중을 받는 단주교각에 집중되어 있었다. 그러나 고속도로상의 교각은 대다수가 다주교각으로 이루어져 있으므로, 본 연구에서는 국내고속도로에서 많이 사용되고 있는 2주형 교각에 대한 이축지진하중에서의 지진응답을 실험적으로 조사하였다. 실험체는 지름 400mm, 높이 2,000mm인 2주형 원형 교각 4기를 제작하였으며, 0.1f_{ck}A_g크기의 축방향 하중작용하에서 횡방향 하중을 이축으로 교번반복 재하하였다. 실험변수는 횡구속 철근비와 주철근 겹침이음으로서 기존 단주에 대한 연구결과와 유사하게 이들 실험변수들은 교각의 내진성능에 상당한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 또한 동일하게 설계된 일축하중을 받는 단주와 이축하중을 받는 다주의 내진성능을 비교한 결과 단주의 경우 손상이 하부 소성힌지 한 곳에 집중된 반면 다주의 경우 교축직각방향 하중으로 인하여 손상이 상ㆍ하부 두 곳으로 분산되어 나타났다.

본 연구는 하천 제방의 취약성을 평가하고, 이를 GIS(Geography Information System) 기반의 시스템으로 구축하여 재해 예방 및 피해 저감 활동에 필요한 의사결정 정보를 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다. 하천 제방에 대한 취약성을 평가하기 위하여 제방에 대한 6가지 지표(수위파형, 파이핑/활동, 제체 및 기초지반의 재료특성, 제체 세굴, 육안점검, 액상화)를 정의하며, 각각의 지표에 대한 평가 등급(1~3등급)을 도출하여 이를 기반으로 하천 제방의 취약도 종합지표를 도출한다. 육안점검을 제외한 5개 지표는 각 항목 별 실험 및 DAM(Dike strength Analysis Module) 프로그램을 이용한 평가 관계식에 근거하여 등급이 도출되며 육안점검 지표의 경우 DGPS/증강현실 기반의 모바일 현장점검 시스템을 활용하여 사용자가 현장에서 제방의 육안점검 항목을 입력하면 자동적으로 해당 제방의 육안점검 등급을 도출할 수 있도록 구현한다. 아울러 지능형 CCTV 및 증강 현실 기법을 적용한 수위계측시스템을 개발하여 제방 수위의 자동 상시감시 체계를 구축하여 선제적인 하천 재해 예방 및 재해 관련 업무 담당자의 의사결정을 지원하며, 제방취약성 평가를 위한 자료로 활용한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 목표인 모바일 기반의 양방향 제방취약성 평가 시스템 분석 결과의 정확도/신뢰도 향상을 위하여 향후 TB(Test-Bed) 지역을 대상으로 하는 시스템의 적용 및 관계식 개선 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

In this paper, we present a practical palce and object recognition method for guiding visitors in building environments. Recognizing palces or objects in real world can be a difficult problem due to motion blur and camera noise. In this work, we present a modeling method based on the bidirectional interactionbetween places and objects for simulataneous reinforcement for the robust recognition. The unification of visual context including scene context, object context, and temporal context is also. The proposed system has been tested to guide visitors in a large scale building environment(10 topological places, 80 3D objects)

대륙붕에서 부유사 하층밀도류는 양측이 수로에 제한을 받지 않기 때문에 주흐름방향인 종방향뿐만 아니라 횡방향으로도 자유롭게 흐른다. 횡방향흐름은 대륙붕 및 대륙붕사면을 따라 흐르는 밀도류의 종방향 도달거리를 크게 감축시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 부유사 밀도류 대신에 염수를 이용한 밀도류 실험을 대형 탱크를 이용하여 실시하였고, 차원해석을 통하여 사면에서 밀도류의 흐름률에 관한 간단한 식을 개발하였다. 특성길이 및 특성시간은 유입부에서의 유량과 부력흐름률