Entomopathogenic fungi play an important natural role in regulating their insect host populations, and their ecology was also associated with plant and soil. These microorganisms have been living by reacting to insect, plant and environmental factor. The advanced bioinformatics technology such as next-generation sequencing and RNA sequencing has revolutionized in understanding of entomopathogenic fungi. Recently studies provided a lot of information on evolutionary relationships and virulence-related characteristics. We are starting to know where these microorganisms from is, and how they live in nature. The bioinformatics technology will give us further our understanding of the natural roles of these fungi in nature.

Bioinformatics service is very new and emerging in market that provides information such as whether or not occurrence of a particular disease through the base of DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) & RNA(Ribo Nucleic Acid) sequence analysis. Recently, interest growing rapidly in utilization of the industrial purpose, but provision of commercialization like pricing and service packaging is not enough to go to market. For go-to-market, firstly refine the services and perform cost calculation of services in cost-plus method then estimate consumer utility by conducting conjoint analysis. Collectively, with cost and consumer utility result, optimal service price can be calculated.

Functional identification of rice on a whole genome scale is required to significantly improve the quality of rice, rice yield, and stress tolerance in response to changing climate. In addition to conventional approaches, new methodologies are required for identification of key genes associated with new agronomical traits. Systems biology is an upcoming trend in the field of functional genomics. Recently, there has been a significant improvement in the resources for systems biology in Oryza sativa (rice), a model crop. These resources include whole genome sequencing/re-sequencing data, transcriptomes, protein-protein interactomes, reactomes, functional gene network tools, and gene indexed mutant populations. The integration of diverse omics data can lead to greater understanding of the functional genomics of rice. Here, we address the development and current progress of the resources available for systems biology in rice: Genome browsers and databases for the orthology identification, transcriptome analysis, protein-protein interaction network and functional gene network analyses, co-expression network, metabolic pathway analysis for promoter analysis, and gene indexed mutants.

Receptor mediated signal carriers play a critical role in regulation of plant defense and development. Rapid Alkalization Factor (RALF) is an important signaling family which has a role in plant growth and development. However, only few RALF polypeptides have been identified till date, mainly because of enormous efforts required for their isolation or identify their gene through mutational analysis. In this study, an extensive database search yield 39, 43, 34 and 23 potential RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, corn and soybeans, respectively. RALF genes are highly conserved across the plant species. A comprehensive analysis including the chromosomal location, gene structure, subcellular location, conserved motif, protein structure and promoter analysis was performed. RALF genes from four plants under study were divided in 7 groups based on phylogenetic analysis. In silico expression analysis of these genes, using microarray and EST data, reveled that these genes exhibit a variety of expression pattern. Furthermore, RALF genes showed distinct expression pattern under nitricoxide (NO) stress in Arabidopsis. This suggests a role of RALF genes in plant defense regulation. Our comprehensive analysis of RALF genes is a valuable resource that further elucidates the roles of RALF family members in plant growth and development. In addition, comparative genomics analyses deepen our understanding of the evolution of RALF gene family and will contribute to further genetics and genomics studies of other monocot and dicot plant species.