The evaluation of potential submarine groundwater is an important research topic for exploring an alternative water resource. Two different approaches, water budget analysis and Rn mass balance method, were employed to investigate the annual variation of submarine groundwater discharge in 2010 at a marine watershed located at the south-eastern part of Korean Peninsula. In order to obtain reliable hydrological data during study period, temporal and spatial variations of rainfall and soil moisture had been collected and hydro-meterological data such as temperature, humidity and wind speed were collected The runoff response was simulated using SCS-CN method with spatial distributions of landuse and soil texture from GIS analysis. Six different methods were used to estimate the monthly variation of evapotranspiration and field measurements of soil moisture were used to account for the infiltration. Comparisons of infiltration and surface runoff between simulation and water balance with measurements showed coincidence. The water budget analysis and Rn mass balance method provide mean daily submarine groundwater as 5.35 and 4.07 m3/m/day in 2010, respectively.

This study analyzed the budget investment plans for the unit-project items(UPI) of 176 project districts for the rural village comprehensive development projects (RVCDP). This study classified the master plan reports of 176 project districts into 88 unit project items in aspect of project management, in order to analyze characteristics of distribution of budget in each project item. Most of all unit project items have similar types of uniform distribution with plus skewness in frequency pattern analysis except the total budget of the project district. This study analyzed the characteristics of budget distribution per province, year, and geographical types of region. Furthermore this paper also analyzed ratio of budget in unit project items to find out distribution pattern of each budget between project items over time. The hierarchical system for UPI of RVCDP consisted of three steps, which are 4 items of the first step on Strength of Rural-urban Exchange & Regional Capability (RURC), Green-income Infrastructure & Facility (GIF), Culture- health-welfare Facility, and Eco-environment & Landscape facility (ELF), 13 items for the second one, and 52 items for the third project items. From the results of the budget investment analysis for 5 years from 2004 to 2008, the budget investment ratios of RURC and ELF have steady state for every year, while GIF in decreasing and ELF in increasing over time. The ratios of UPI on infrastructure were decreased, whereas those on culture, health, and welfare were increased. Portion of tow project items among 52 items, which are community centers for village residents and rural experimental study facility, has 30% of total budget investment. Futhermore, the budget ratios of seven project items showed 50% of total budget. Average value of project budgets for five years was optimized as a type of exponential function in the case of decent array for ranking order.

Based on the monthly weather report of Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and daily sea surface temperature (SST) data from National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in 2006, heat budget was estimated at Gampo in the eastern coast of Korea, the region occuring the cold water known as upwelling in summer. Net heat flux was transported from the air to the sea surface during February to November, and it amounts to 345 Wm-2 in monthly mean value. During December to January, the transfer of net heat flux was conversed from the sea surface to the air with -56 Wm-2 in minimum of monthly mean value in January. Long wave radiation was ranged from 6 Wm-2 to 106 Wm-2. Sensible heat was varied from -36 Wm-2 (June) to 61 Wm-2 (February) and showed negative values from April to August. Latent heat showed 20 Wm-2 (July) with its minimum in July and 49 Wm-2 with its maximum in March in monthly mean value. The annual mean of net heat flux is 129 Wm-2, giving an annual heat surplus of 22 Wm-2. Thus, during summer, the upwelled cold water at Gampo, appears to compensate the heat gain. However the ways in which these compensations are accomplished remains to be clarified.

본 연구에서는 기후학적 물수지 방법을 실제 유역에 적용하여 유역 상황을 모니터링하는 방법으로 구축하였다. 이 기후학적 물수지로부터 생성되는 과잉수분량은 유역에서의 지표면 유출 성분을 반영하여 홍수유출의 유추, 치수 구조물의 설치 및 운영에 관한 지표로 활용할 수 있으며, 부족수분량은 가뭄에 대한 정보를 취득할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 이러한 두 가지 지표를 합성하여 얻어지는 습윤지표는 유역의 습윤상황뿐만 아니라 건조상황까지도 고려할 수 있으며,

본 연구에서는 미계측 유역의 유량 산정 및 평가를 위해 강우, 유출 및 댐 및 물이용 요소를 포함한 유역통합 수문모형(SWAT-Nak Dong)을 낙동강 전체 유역을 대상으로 구축하고, 유역내 댐방류 및 인위적인 물이용 요소를 고려한 물수지 시나리오에 따른 유황변동을 정량적으로 파악하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서 적용한 SWAT 모형은 대규모 복잡한 유역에서의 장기간에 걸친 토지관리, 기후 변화 등에 따른 수자원 및 비점오염 평가, 관리를 위해 1

Surface heat budget of the Deukryang Bay from July 1, 1992 to September 12, 1993 is analyzed by using the meteorological data (by Changhung Observatory and Mokpo Meteorological Station) and oceanographical data (by Research Center for Ocean Industrial Development, Pukyong National University). Each flux element at the sea surface which has annual variation is derived with application of an aerodynamical bulk method and empirical formulae. The solar radiation is the maximum in spring and summer, and the minimum in autumn and winter. The effective back radiation, the latent heat and the sensible heat are the maximum in autumn and winter, and minimum in summer. The heat storage rate is calculated by using the rate of water temperature variation according to the depth. The oceanic transport heat is estimated as a residual. The net heat flux, the heat storage rate are positive in spring and summer, while they are negative in autumn and winter. The oceanic transport heat is convergence in winter and divergence in the rest of seasons.

1960년대 이래로 우리나라 주요수계에는 이·치수를 목적으로 많은 댐들이 건설되어 운영되어 오고 있다. 계속 증가하는 용수수요를 충족시키기 위한 신규댐 개발이 국가 장기 수자원 개발계획에 포함되어 있어 수자원 시스템은 더욱 복잡해 질 것으로 예상된다. 이와 같은 특징은 장래 수자원 관리 정책 결정문제에서 보다 많은 대안 검토를 요구하게 되므로 이를 해결할 수 있는 합리적인 접근방법의 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구는 10여개 이상의 대구모 저수지 시스템 문제

An one dimensional atmosphere-canopy-soil interaction model is developed to estimate of the heat budget parameter in the atmospheric boundary layer. The canopy model is composed of the three balance equations of energy, temperature, moisture at ground surface and canopy layer with three independent variables of T_f(foliage temperature), T_g(ground temperature), and q_g(ground specific humidity). The model was verified by comparative study with OSUID(Oregon State University One Dimensional Model) proved in HAPEX-MOBILHY experiment. Also we applied this model in two dimensional land-sea breeze circulation. According to the results of this study, surface characteristics considering canopy acted importantly upon the simulation of meso-scale circulation. The factors which used in the numerical experiment are as follows ; the change for a sort of soll(sand and peat), the change for shielding factor, and the change for a kind of vegetation.

A global carbon cycle model (GCCM), that incorporates interaction among the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, was developed to study the carbon cycling and global carbon budget, especially due to anthropogenic CO2 emission. The model that is based on C, ^13C and ^14C mass balance, was calibrated with the observed CO2 concentration, δ^13C and Δ^14C in the atmosphere, Δ^14C in the soil, and Δ^14C in the ocean. Also, GCCM was constrained by the literature values of oceanic carbon uptake and CO2 emissions from deforestation. Inputs (forcing functions in the model) were the C, ^13C and ^14C as CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use, and ^14C infection into the stratosphere by bomb-tests. The simulated annual carbon budget of 1980s due to anthropogenic CO2 shows that the global sources were 5.43 Gt-C/yr from fossil fuel use and 0.91 Gt-C/yr from deforestation, and the sinks were 3.29 Gt-C/yr in the atmosphere, 0.90 Gt-C/yr in the terrestrial biosphere and 2.15 Gt-C/yr in the ocean. The terrestrial biosphere is currently at zero net exchange with the atmosphere, but carbon is lost via organic carbon runoff to the ocean. The model could be utilized for a variety of studies in CO_2 policy and management, climate modeling, CO2 impacts, and crop models.

Surface heat balance of the northern sea of Cheju Island for summer in 1993 and 1994 is analyzed using the observation data obtained by Marine Research Institute, Cheju National University. Each flux elements at the sea surface is derived from the marine meteorological reports with application of an aerodynamical bulk method for the turbulent heat fluxes, and empirical formulae for the long-wave radiation heat fluxes. The flux divergence of oceanic heat transport and the rate of heat storage in the ocean are estimated as residual. The features of the surface heat balance are mainly decided by the solar radiation flux and the latent heat flux for 1994. But the Bowen Ratios were large for 1993. This means that the sensible heat fluxes were nearly equal to the latent heat fluxes for 1993. In this period, mean flux divergence of oceanic heat transport is about 130 W/㎡.

It is very important to assess accurately the terms which are included in the heat budget equation of soil surface because they are used in the GCM and meso-scale circulation modeling as well as in the micrometeorological studies. Each terms in the heat budget equation change according to the soil moisture content. So, it is necessary to specify clearly the relations between soil moisture content and these terms. Special experiment with ricrometeorological measurements was executed to study these relations at Environmental Research Center of Tsukuba University, Japan. The results are as follow: 1. The soil moisture contents of 1 ㎝ and 4 ㎝ depth are oscillated with one day period in drying process and the amplitude of variation of l cm depth is greater than that of 4 ㎝. 2. Increase in soil moisture contents due to precipitation result in decrease of albedo with step function. 3. Sensible heat is in reverse proportion to the soil moisture content and latent heat is in direct proportion to it. Latent heat is more sensitive than sensible heat according to the soil moisture variation. Net long wave radiation have high correlation with soil moisture. 4. Comparing with the radiative term with the flux term in wetting process due to precipitation, the energy transfer of the aero and thermodynamic flux is greater than that of the radiative heat flux.