This study aimed to explore the characteristics and dimensions of of systematic functional gestures employed by pre-service Earth science teachers during instructional sessions. Data were collected from eight students enrolled in a university’s Department of Earth Science Education. The data included lesson plans, activity sheets, and recordings of one class session from participants. The analysis, conducted using the systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis framework, categorized gestures into scientific and social functional dimensions. Further subdivision identified meta gestures, analytical gestures, and interrelated gestures. Additionally, pre-service teachers used gestures to explain scientific concepts, concretely represent ideas and facilitate communication during instruction. This study emphasizes the nonverbal strategies used by pre-service Earth science teachers, highlighting the importance of noverbal communication in teachers’ professional development and the need for its integration into education. It also establishes a systematic conceptual framework for understanding gestures in the instructional context.

이 연구는 창의적 교실 환경이 자기 조절학습과 학습 효능감을 매개로 학업성취도에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위한 목적에서 수행되었다. 이를 위해 한국아동패널의 14차 조사의 원시 자료를 활용하였고, 주요 변인에 관하여 누락 응답이 없는 593개 자료를 연구 대상으로 선정하여 SPSS 26.0 및 AMOS 26.0 프로그램을 활용하여 구조 방정식 모형으로 검증하 였다. 분석 결과, 중학생의 창의적 교실 환경 인식, 자기 조절학습, 학습 효능감, 학업성취도 간에는 모두 정적으로 유의미한 상관관계가 있었다. 또 창의적 교실 환경 인식과 학업성취도의 관계를 자기 조절학습과 학습 효능감이 유의하게 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 중학생이 수업 시 교 실 환경을 더 창의적이라 인식할수록 자기 조절학습이 촉진되며 이는 학 습 효능감을 증진함으로써 결과적으로 학업성취도가 높아지도록 만들 수 있음이 확인되었다. 이를 토대로 한국의 공교육이 중학생의 학업성취도 증진을 위해 조성해야 할 교실 환경의 중요성 및 나아가야 할 방향에 대 해 제언하였다.

본 연구는 아유르베다의 컬러 등 명상이 유아의 주의 집중력과 과잉행동에 미치는 영향 을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 필요성은 컬러가 주는 효과를 이용하여 유아들에게 집중력 과 행동력을 높이기 위함이다. 연구대상은 S지역의 4세 유아를 대상으로 20명을 기준으로 하였다. 측정도구는 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동장애 진단 평가지(DSM-Ⅳ)와 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동장애 종합 교사용 평정척도(ACTeRS)를 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 파랑집단의 경우에는 사 전보다 사후에 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동장애 정도가 감소하였으며, 빨강집단의 경우에는 통 계적으로 유의한 차이가 나지 않았다. 그리고 교사용 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동장애 평정척도 (ACTeRS)는 주의집중력은 빨강집단이 파랑집단보다 더 높았으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이 가 있었다. 과잉행동은 파랑집단이 빨강집단보다 더 높았다. 수업 방해 행동 차이는 파랑집 단은 회차가 거듭될수록 감소하였다. 그러나 빨강집단은 회차가 거듭될수록 증가하는 것으 로 나타났다. 수업 방해 행동의 경우 상호작용 효과가 유의하므로 아유르베다의 컬러 명상 이 수업방해행동 변화에 영향을 미친다고 볼 수 있다. 결론적으로 아유르베다의 컬러 등 명상은 유아의 주의력과 행동 활성에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The present study explores the educational potential of multiliteracies-based pedagogy to enhancing pre-service teachers’ creativity-convergence competency in an EFL literature classroom. To examine the pedagogical effect, both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed, including the pre- and post- creativity-convergence competency tests, participants’ course evaluation questionnaire, and students' reflective journals. The results from the quantitative analysis indicated that multiliteracies pedagogy employed in the EFL literature classroom enhanced participants’ creativity-convergence competency significantly (p<.05) in its all components, including creativity, problemsolving ability, convergent thinking ability, and self-efficacy. The findings in the analysis of participants’ views on the positive potentials of the multiliteracies pedagogical approach in fostering learners’ creativity-convergence competency were identified as follows: (1) use of multimodal resources in the communication process promoted their creativity-convergence competency, (2) transformative practices served as the facilitator to foster creativity-convergence competency, and (3) critical literacy practices helped them develop problem-solving ability and self-efficacy. The paper ends with some pedagogical implications and suggestions for further research.

Using a conversation analysis (CA) framework, this study investigated how kindergarten-aged learners took initiative during classroom interactions through multimodal communication resources. Over a thirteen-week period, data was collected from kindergarten English classroom interactions between two male native Englishspeaking teachers (NESTs) and 125 children divided into six classes. The analysis revealed that learners deployed several multimodal communication resources in teacherinitiated sequences, such as finger-folding gestures, hand-raising, and gaze direction. These multimodal resources were employed to retrieve words, acquire turns, provide answers, and impart other kinds of information. The study also showed how very young learners, with limited linguistic resources, were able to attract the teacher’s attention, draw on embodied resources to access a turn, and become active agents influencing the trajectory of both teacher talk and classroom learning. The study concludes with a discussion of learner initiative and multimodal communication resources, and the pedagogical implications carried by the results of the study for classroom interaction with very young learners.

With the metaverse emerging as the next leap in the evolution of the Internet in the post-pandemic era, a wealth of opportunities are expected to emerge in the educational sector. As a pioneer study, this research project is aimed at exploring pedagogical values of the metaverse-based classroom in a university setting. The three research questions for this study are: 1) What are the levels of students’ overall satisfaction in metaverse-based classrooms? 2) What is the user experience of the metaverse platform? and 3) What are the strengths/weaknesses of the metaverse-based classroom as perceived by the students? Twenty university students took a foreign language pedagogy course on Gather.town in spring of 2022 for 11 weeks. Student questionnaire and focus-group interviews were conducted and data analysis revealed two major findings as follows: Firstly, both students’ overall satisfaction of the metaverse-based classroom and user experience of the metaverse platform were positive, excepting only instability problems caused by poor internet connections. Secondly, more perceived strengths than weaknesses were found of the newly adopted program: ‘a realistic classroom setting’ and ‘easy communication in multiple ways’ were mentioned as strengths while the main weakness was ‘newness.’ Pedagogical implications are discussed for teachers interested in adopting the metaverse platform for their future classrooms.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of AI-integrated MALL on Korean students’ TOEIC preparation, by comparing with AI-integrated CALL. A total of 496 freshmen students participated in this study. They were arbitrarily assigned to AI CALL (n = 190), AI MALL (n = 164), and the control (n = 132) groups. During a 2021 academic semester, the two experimental groups studied TOEIC through computers or mobile phones, integrated with AI technology. The control group was taught by a human teacher, in a traditional classroom setting. Before and after the treatment, TOEIC listening and reading tests were administered. Paired samples t-tests and one-way ANOVAs, were used to analyze collected data. Findings show that all groups significantly increased listening and reading test scores. Group comparison results show that the AI CALL group outperformed the control group for both tests. This group also outperformed the AI MALL group for the reading test. Based on this, pedagogical implications are invaluable

In our extremely technologized world, enabling students to use a variety of media and modes in learning is an important component of the 21st century education. It is necessary to foster communication with diverse audiences and to encourage students to become critical designers of technologically mediated communications. Translanguaging and multiliteracies as approaches in applied linguistics hold promise to achieve these goals in the English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) classroom. This article discusses translanguaging as a concept, its use in the classroom, and its development as pedagogy. The article also examines the teaching of reading and writing, literacy, multiliteracies, and how the latter relates to the 21st century education. Further, the article discusses the intersections between translanguaging and multiliteracies while drawing out some implications for the ESOL classroom.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of artificial intelligence (AI) improves English listening and reading proficiency. It focuses on whether its impacts differ by gender and major. The study was conducted in 2020 with 340 freshmen students in Korea. There were 182 male and 208 female students. The participants majored in different areas: 139 students majoring in aeronautics, 130 students studying policing and safety, 121 students studying in the arts department. The TOEIC test was adopted as pre- and post-tests to explore the impacts of using AI on English learning. To analyze the data, two-way ANOVAs were administered. The study found no interaction effects of gender or major on either listening and reading proficiency. However, gender and major, respectively, had significant impacts on listening. Regarding reading proficiency, major alone affected the students’ performance. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications are considered.

This study investigated if the difficulty of instructional classroom English in primary teacher-guidebooks of English is adequately manipulated by learner-proficiency. Corpora of classroom English were compiled from 20 guidebooks from five publishers, approved following the 2015 Revised National Curriculum of Korea. Extracted materials from grades three and four were compared with those of grades five and six to observe variations in the difficulty. Coh-Metrix, a software application that computes an extensive range of measures on cohesion and language, was used for analyses. With evidence-based assessments on (psycho)linguistic features and patterns of classroom English, we report results both congruent and incongruent with the prospect that the difficulty should increase as learners become more proficient. Overall, although partial difficulty manipulations between the two levels were noted, inconsistent results and invariances were also observed, disclosing much room for improvement of classroom English in the guidebooks. Some implications toward teacher-guidebook development, particularly in its classroom English, are suggested

Learner initiative and very young learner talk have not been fully investigated despite the growing recognition of their importance in English education. Therefore, the present study examined the sequential development of talk-in-interaction observed in an after-school English program in a Korean kindergarten classroom by investigating how children contributed their behaviors to class participation using the methodological framework of conversation analysis. Data was collected from one intact classroom interaction between a native teacher and 28 seven-year-old children. The analysis highlighted a noticeable interactional phenomenon, learner initiative, which was revealed through children’s turn position in the Initiation-Response-Follow-up (IRF) sequence. In particular, this study presented evidence that learner initiative could be displayed through learners’ self-selected turns: initiating repair of the teacher’s previous utterance, asking a question, and displaying knowledge of words. These findings were discussed in relation to the view of learners as active agents through the process of interaction and suggested pedagogical implications of very young learners’ classroom interaction.

This study investigated features of L2 classroom-based teacher-student writing conference and student subsequent revision from the perspective of languaging. A non-native teacher and four non-native students participated in the writing conference about two tasks of summary and critical review in an intact college ESL composition classroom. Eight video-recorded conference sessions were analyzed regarding discourse topics (language use vs. content/rhetoric), and configuration of negotiation and scaffolding. Discourse topics were found to interact with task types as more issues about content and rhetoric were addressed for critical review. Configurations of negotiation and scaffolding were found to be similar in both tasks. Scaffolding was dominant in language use talks while negotiation and scaffolding were balanced in content/rhetoric talks. As for making meaning and student revision, the quality of negotiation was more critical than the quantity. Non-extensive scaffolding also led to successful revision along with students’ background knowledge and classroom instruction. The findings demonstrate dynamics of writing tasks, conferences, and student revision.

From a conversation analytic perspective, this paper undertakes the sequential analysis of students' oral reading initiated by teachers during teacher-student interaction. Extracted from 14 Korean elementary school EFL lessons collected on video, the sequences that contain teachers' initiation and students' reading and the surrounding talk were closely examined. The major finding is that students' oral reading serves a range of instructional purposes: practicing through repetition, marking closure, preparing for what is about to unfold, collaborating in knowledge presentation, rendering key linguistic information, and presenting and checking students' written work. Based on this observation, this paper argues that students' oral reading predominantly occurs as part of or in conjunction with a larger instructional activity, rather than with an exclusive instructional focus.

In this paper, we conducted a survey to reveal the general perception of parents toward outdoor air quality, particulate matter (PM), and indoor air quality (IAQ) at schools where their children attend. A total of 1,030 parents participated in this survey, where the age of their children ranged between 7 years to over 19 years of age. Each participant was either a member of a non-governmental organization (NGO) with a keen interest in air quality or an ordinary public panel member with less interest. The result of the survey indicated that the participants had a negative perception of air quality, and parents believed that the outdoor and indoor air is extremely polluted. The participants pointed out that they believe that the main reason for the pollution is due to particulate matter (PM) and school classrooms are the location where their children are exposed to PM the most. Based on our study, the majority of the participants prefer a mechanical ventilation system to reduce indoor air pollutants in schools. Our study should be referred to by school officials in order to maintain IAQ and as a way of addressing the concerns of parents who want to protect their children’s health.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Flipped Classroom (FC) approach on Tourism English learning. For the study, 93 students in a Tourism English (TE) course were encouraged to participate in the FC activities, designed by the PARTNER (Preparation, Assessment, Relevance, Team activity, Nub lecture, Evaluation and Reflection) model. A quasi-experiment was conducted for 15-weeks of a semester, and the effectiveness of the FC activities on the TE learning was analyzed in accordance with the course satisfaction, problem-solving skill, and collective efficacy. The problem-solving skill survey was designed to measure the cause analysis, alternative development, practice, and assessment, while the collective efficacy survey comprised items related to fostering leadership, exchanging ideas, evaluating ideas, and integrating ideas. In the findings, the FC activities showed the positive effect on the development of the problem-solving skills, collective efficacy, and course satisfaction. The pedagogical implications are discussed in terms of the FC activities on Tourism English learning in this study.

비고츠스키(Vygosky)의 사회문화 이론은 특히 제2외국어 학습에 있어서 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 학생들은 협동적인 학습 활동을 하면서 영어를 더 잘 배우고 성장하며 발전한다. 게다가 쓰기단계는 사회적 상호작용을 통해 복잡한 인식과정을 거쳐 향상되고 발전한다. 본 논문은 쓰기 수업을 하는 학생들로부터 피드백을 도출하기 위해 구글 독스(Google Docs)를 이용하여 사회문화이론이 쓰기수업에 어떻게 적용되었는지를 설명하고자 한다. 본 연구는 한국 모 대학의 영어수업에서 진행되었고, 참가자는 영어교육과 학생 11명이다. 연구자는 반성적 실천(Reflective Practice), 비계설정(Scaffolding), 동료 피드백 촉진(Peer Feedback Facilitation) 등의 과정을 통해 강사가 학생들이 한 문장에서 시작하여 단락까지 씀으로써 결국은 영어로 에세이를 쓸 수 있게 효과적으로 준비할 수 있었다. 이 연구에서 다섯 단락 정도의 에세이를 쓸 수 있을 만큼 학생들의 작문실 력은 향상되었고, 격려를 통해 서로 성장하고 발전할 수 있었다. 또한 이 과정에서 학생들의 사회적 기술과 공감능력이 향상되었고 수업 분위기도 개선되었다. 이러한 기술적인 동료 피드백은 동기부여를 위한 효율적인 방식이며, 학생들에게는 영어쓰기학습에서 자신감을 주는 것으로 나타난다. 사회문화이론의 적용을 통해 학생들은 제2외국어에 대한 지식을 습득 하고 더 발전시킬 수 있으며, 낮은 단계의 이해에서 더 높은 수준의 지식 으로 나아가게 하는 상호작용의 시너지를 만들어 낸다.

현재 출시된 중국어 학습 기능성 게임 및 관련 학술 연구는 많지만 대부분 스마트폰 플랫폼에서 수행되었으며 VR플랫폼 기반 학술 연구와 게임 개발이 많지 않다. 그러나 현재 VR기능성 게임은 가상현실 공간의 몰입적 체험이 학습효과를 확실히 높일 수 있다는 연구가 이미 존재한다. ‘Classroom Simulation’은 가상현실 공간의 시뮬레이션 강의실에서 수업과 게임을 하는 중국어 일상어를 배우는 기능성 게임이다. 이 게임은 중국어 초보자와 중국으로 여행을 가려는 외국인을 대상으로 이들이 중국어 일상어를 알아듣고 말할 수 있는것을 목적으로 개발하였다. 이러한 단일적 교육 목적으로 본 연구는 맞춤형 게임 시스템 설계를 진행하였다. 본 연구에서 중국어 일상어 교육용 기능성 게임을 구성하기 위하여 시뮬레이션 강의실과 교사를 구현하였으며 3가지 레벨의 게임플레이 설계에 대해서 소개하였다. 이 게임의 교육 효과와 효율성, 오락성을 검증하기 위하여 12명의 실험자를 선발하여 실험을 진행하였다. 실험 결과에 따르면 이 게임의 교육 효과와 효율성이 입증된 반면 게임 시나리오와 게임플레이 등 오락성 측면에서 미흡하다고 나타났다. 실험과 결과 분석을 바탕으로 개선 방안에 대해 검토했으며 향후 연구를 진행하고자 한다.

The study is aimed at investigating whether learning readiness contributes to university students’ group discussion in English in a flipped classroom. The research questions are: 1) Is there a change in learning readiness before and after flipped learning?; 2) Is there a change in students’ participation in group discussion before and after flipped learning?; and 3) Does learning readiness contribute to participation in group discussion? A total of 52 students participated in the study. Student survey questionnaires and quizzes were collected for data analysis. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test, a non-parametric test for repeated measures t-test, and multiple regression analysis were utilized to answer the research questions. The statistical analyses produced the following results: 1) there was a significant change in students’ participation in learning readiness and group discussion; and 2) learning readiness and quizzes greatly contributed to group discussion. These findings corroborated the previous research that learning readiness is essential for self-directed learning in a successful flipped classroom. This suggests that teachers devise ways to help students engage in online activities for greater learning readiness.