The results of internal temperature. productivity and immunity analysis of the laying hen house by the thermal environment and the supply of cold drinking water were as follows. The external temperature was changed from the minimum of 18℃ at night and the maximum of 36℃ during the day, and the internal temperature of the laying hens varied from 20~31℃. Thermal imaging analysis showed that the body temperature of the laying hen decreased by 2.4℃ with the supply of drinking water. The laying hen amount increased 2.36g and laying hen rate increased 3.62%p. Albumin increased 6.1%, decreased AST 15%, and decreased cholesterol 12.7%. Immune activators increased and T cells and B cells increased to increase immunity.

This study aims at providing a basic data for the development of high energy efficient environment system in the cage (poultry buildings) and cold potable water supply to reduce the summer heat stress. For this study, the cage area size was 273m 2 and the air-to-water heat pump capacity was 20RT for heating and cooling. As the result of this study, the temperature of the drinking water supplied by heat pump was maintained at the set temperature of 15℃. However, the water temperature of control was 23~28 ℃ due to the effect of outside temperature. The average internal cage temperature was 25.3 ℃ in the test group and 28.1 ℃ in the control group, which was 2.8 ℃ higher than that of the control group. The relative humidity was 76.2% in the test group and 75.0% in the control group. The broiler drank 23.2 L / day in the test group and 21.5 L / day in the control group. Daily feed intake was 937 g and and 725 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The feed intake of 212 g was higher than that of cold water. The feeding rates were 1.8 and 1.9. Body weights were 1,523 g and 1,164 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The weight gain was 359 g in the test group fed with cold water and 392 g in the control group. When compared with the control group, the mortality rate was reduced by 84% in the cold water feeding test. It is necessary that future research will continue to reduce the incidence of such livestock accidents.’.

This study investigated the effects of annealing environment for the densification and purification properties of pure titanium coating layer manufactured by cold spraying. The annealing was conducted at /1 h and three kinds of environments of vacuum, Ar gas, and mixture gas were controlled. Cold sprayed Ti coating layer (as sprayed) represented 6.7% of porosity and 228 HV of hardness, showing elongated particle shapes (severe plastic deformation) perpendicular to injection direction. Regardless of gas environments, all thermally heat treated coating layers consisted of pure -Ti and minimal oxide. Vacuum environment during heat treatment represented superior densification properties (3.8% porosity, 156.7 HV) to those of Ar gas (5.3%, 144.5 HV) and mixture gas (5.5%, 153.1 HV). From the results of phase analysis (XRD, EPMA, SEM, EDS), it was found that the vacuum environment during heat treatment could be effective for reducing oxide contents (purification) in the Ti coating layer. The characteristic of microstructural evolution with heat treatment was found to be different at three different gas environments. The controlling method for improving densification and purification in the cold sprayed Ti coating material was also discussed.

This study attempted to manufacture a Cu-15 at.%Ga coating layer via the cold spray process and investigated the effect of heat treatment environment on the properties of cold sprayed coating material. Three kinds of heat treatment environments, +argon, pure argon, and vacuum were used in this study. Annealing treatments were conducted at /1 hr. With the cold sprayed coating layer, pure -Cu and small amounts of were detected in the XRD, EDS, EPMA analyses. Porosity significantly decreased and hardness also decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The inhomogeneous dendritic microstructure of cold sprayed coating material changed to the homogeneous and dense one (microstructural evolution) with annealing heat treatment. Oxides near the interface of particles could be reduced by heat treatment especially in vacuum and argon environments. Vacuum environment during heat treatment was suggested to be most effective one to improve the densification and purification properties of cold sprayed Cu-15 at.%Ga coating material.

Because ordinary concrete cannot be hardened well under sub-zero temperatures, anti-freeze agents are typically added to prevent the frost damage and to ensure the proper hardening of concrete. With the advantage of a rapid exothermic reaction property, jet set concrete may be used as a cold weather concrete because it can reach the required strength before being damaged by cold weather. Recent studies are reported that magnesia-phosphate composites can be hardened very quickly and hydrated even in low temperature, which can be used as an alternative of severe cold weather concrete in arctic regions. This study developed the magnesia-phosphate composites that can be used in severe cold regions and suggested an appropriate mixture design from the experimental results.

동해연안지역의 벼 생육부진 및 수량감소의 주된 요인분석을 위하여 해안으로부터 1, 2,3, 5 km의 4개 지점의 기상, 토양 및 벼 생육반응을 조사 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 해안거리별 일 평균기온은 차이가 거의 없었으나, 냉수대 출현에 따른 냉해풍 발생시 온도변화는 뚜렷하여 5km에서보다 1 km지점에서 8℃ , 2 km지점 7℃ , 3 km지점 4℃ 까지 온도가 낮아졌으며 냉해풍은 하루에도 수차례 발생하였음. 2. 해안거리별 토양특성은 해안에 가까울수록 모래성분이 많고 미사 및 점토성분은 적었으며, 양이온 치환용량이 적어서 작물이 비료성분을 섭취할 수 있는 흡착력이 낮아졌음. 3. 해안에 가까운 재배지역일수록 초장은 작아지고 경수는 적었으며, 출수기는 3～4일 지연되었고, 벼 건물중 및 임실율은 낮아졌음. 4. 수량은 5km보다 1 km지점에서 27～36% 감수되어, 해안에 가까운 재배지역일수록 감수폭이 더 컸으며, 주된 감수요인은 주당수수의 감소가 가장 크게 영향을 미쳤고, 해안 2 km지점에서 90%이상의 수량성을 나타낸 품종은 냉해풍지역의 적응품종인 삼덕벼였음.