Two Grapholita congener, G. molesta and G. dimorpha have difference in several biological characters such as flight time, emerging number/year, damage site, pupation site, and mating time although their host plants were similar. As a problem, cross-trapping was identified in each trap for monitoring. Effects on species-specific lure using minor sex pheromone components were observed in host plant orchards (apple, pear, peach, and plum) for continuative two years. Treatments of various ratios (0 to 10%) of Z8-12OH to G. molesta lure (Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac = 95:5) allowed to increase the attraction of G. molesta, but not of G. dimorpha male. Other two minor components (14Ac and 12Ac) to G. dimorpha lure (Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac = 85:15) were not showed species-specific responses. However, 10% treatment of Z8-14Ac to G. dimorpha lure was showed that G. molesta was decreased significantly although G. dimoprha was not affected. E8-14Ac treatment to new G. dimorpha lure (Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac/Z8-14Ac = 85:15:10) not affected to attraction of two species. From these results, we suggest that optimum ratios for species-specific monitoring of G. molesta and G. dimorpha are Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac/Z8-12OH = 95:55:5 and Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac/Z8-14Ac = 85:15:10, respectively.

The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and the plum fruit moth (G. dimorpha) share the same major sex pheromone components, Z8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12Ac) and E8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12Ac) with different ratio. However, these two congener male species were cross-attracted to the counter sex pheromone traps. For development of the specific monitoring lures, the minor sex pheromone components were added to the major components. G. molesta females emit two minor components of Z8-12OH and 12OH and G. dimorpha females emit four minor of 12Ac, 14Ac, Z8-14Ac, and E8-14Ac. For a specific monitoring lure of G. molesta, only Z8-12Ac major component attracted only G. molesta males, but did not any G. dimorpha. For a specific monitoring lure of G. dimorpha, the addition of Z8-14Ac to the major component (Z8-12Ac:E8-12Ac = 85:15) attracted G. dimorpha males with less than 5% G. molesta males. Other with components (12Ac, 14Ac, and E8-14Ac) was not effective in both trapping efficiency and selectivity.

Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurnas (PCDFs) in stack gas were analyzed from 21 municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWs) using high resolution gas chromatography equipment with a high resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in 2015. The concentration of PCDDs/DFs was in the range 0.09 ~ 354.54 pg-TEQ/Sm3 based on the International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) and all MSWs complied with emission standards. The congener distribution of PCDDs/DFs was categorized into one group and two outliers via principal component analysis (PCA). Among the 17 PCDDs/DFs, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD showed the highest mass fraction (20.8%) and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF showed the largest TEQ contribution (42.9%).

Among the unintentional persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) were measured from a stack of 28 small-scale waste incinerators (SWIs) from 2013 to 2015. The emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs ranged from N.D. to 208.3 ng-TEQ/Sm3 with an average of 21.1 ng-TEQ/Sm3 based on the International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF). The 28 stack gas samples were categorized into four types and evaluated by the score plot of principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, 17 PCDD/PCDF congeners were divided with the number of chlorine substitutions by a loading plot. The correlations between PCDDs and PCDFs were also estimated. The emissions of PCDDs/PCDFs from 19 SWIs were below the emission standards, while nine SWIs significantly exceeded them in this study.

잔류성유기오염물질(Persistent organic pollutant)은 안정성이 높아 잘 분해되지 않으면서 동시에 강한 독성을 가진 물질이기 때문에 대부분의 국가에서 배출량을 규제하고 있다. 주로 POPs라고 일컫는 이 물질들 중에 다이옥신은 대표적인 비의도적 잔류성유기오염물질이며 그에 따라 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 다이옥신은 PCDD(Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin), PCDF(Polychlorinated dibenzofuran)의 congener를 통상적으로 지칭하며 염소의 치환 위치와 수에 따라 총 75개의 PCDD, 135개의 PCDF가 존재한다. 그 중 독성을 가진 17개의 다이옥신 congener에 대한 안정성 연구를 순이론적 계산의 일종인 DFT(Density functional theory) 계산을 통해 수행하였다. DFT 계산은 Gaussian09W software를 통해 수행하였으며 B3LYP/cc-pvdz, B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level로 구조 최적화와 진동수를 계산을 하였다. 17개의 다이옥신 congener는 모두 평면 구조를 이루고 대칭성에 따라 각각 D2h, C2v, C2h, Cs 의 point group으로 최적화 되었다. 계산 결과를 통해 얻은 열역학적 특성과 HOMO (Highest occupied molecular orbital)-LUMO(Lowest occupied molecular orbital)를 통해 다이옥신 congener의 생성엔탈피, 생성자유에너지, 엔트로피, 이온화포텐셜, 전자친화도 값을 도출하였고 안정성을 잔류성과 연관 지어 평가하였다. 본 계산 연구는 추후 다이옥신 배출 자료와 비교를 통해 congener 패턴을 예측하는 연구를 수행하는데 도움이 될 것이다.