The present study was conducted in a goat farm for pregnancy diagnosis by using vaginal cytology and B-mode real time ultrasound using 5 MHz probe by transabdominal method. Seventeen pregnant does were used for this study. The objective of the study was to determine the earliest day of pregnancy and describe the chronological characteristics of pregnancy from day 22 to day 40 for vaginal cytology and day 25 to day 60 for ultrasonography of gestation. The differences among the average percentage of cell value in different age of pregnancy were significant (p < 0.05). The average percentage of intermediate cells (81.12%) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than superficial (9.41%), keratinized (7.10%) and neutrophil (2.61%) on 22-40th days of pregnancy. In case of real time B-mode ultrasonography, the gestational sac was observed only in three does out of seventeen (17.6 %) at 25-30 days whereas the placentomes and heart beat of the foetus were first detected at 31-35 days in six does (35.3%). The foetal leg buds were first visualized at 36-40 days in four does (23.5%) whereas the foetal vertebral column was first observed at 36-40 days of gestation in only three does (17.6%). In conclusion, vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography can be used for detection of early pregnancy in does.

The aim of this study was to compare the appearance rate of vaginal cytology during estrous cycle in small pet bitches. A characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of superficial cell in proestrus, anuclear cell in estrus, small intermediate cell in diestrus, and small intermediate cell in anestrus, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences of appearance rate of vaginal cytology among small pet bitches in the each phase of estrous cycle. These results indicated that the vaginal cytology was useful method for estimating estrous cycle and optimal breeding time in small pet bitches.

A study was carried out on 16 indigenous ewes in Bangladesh in order to assess the reproductive physiology, the pattern of vaginal cell exfoliation and progesterone profiles during the estrous cycle period. The mean estrous cycle length and duration of estrus were 15.8±0.12 days and 31.1±0.57 h respectively. The exfoliated epithelial cells were categorized into parabasal, intermediate, superficial and keratinized and their relative occurrences. The percentages of parabasal, intermediate and superficial cell type during proestrus were similar. The percentage of superficial cell type during estrus was 61.7%, which was significantly (p<0.01) differ from other types of cells and stages of estrus cycle. Metoestrus was predominant with neutrophils in addition with other cell types. Dioestrus was dominated by neutrophils. On days 0 to 5 of the cycle the progesterone concentration was 0.09 to 1.6±0.07 ng/ml. The length of diestrus was 5∼10 days with a range of mean progesterone level of 1.6±0.07 to 2.8±0.11 ng/ml. Progesterone levels increased significantly (p<0.01) after Day 5 and maximum level was 2.8±0.11 ng/ml observed on Day 10 of the estrous cycle. Thereafter it dropped rapidly to basal level of 0.11±0.04 ng/ml on Day 0 (p<0.01). These results indicate that the pattern of exfoliation of vaginal cells along with progesterone concentration could be used to determine the reproductive stages of indigenous ewe.

The aim of this study was to estimate of ovulation time and parturition day at the same time as breeding in small dog by vaginal cytology and to confirm the accuracy by comparing the expected parturition day and the real one. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell and anuclear cell in estrus, parabasal cell, small intermediate cell, large intermediate cell and leukocyte in diestrus, parabasal cell and small intermediate in anestrus, respectively. When day 0 was the parturition day, the period of pregnancy is 67.45(64～75) days when the cornification index (CI) is over 90%. Also, on the basis of ovulation day, 63.65(59～66) days was confirmed, and 57.0(52～60) days was confirmed based on the first day of diestrus. There are the gap of 4 days between the day being over 90% in CI and ovulation day. On the basis of this, when expecting parturition day based on the day being over 90% in CI by vaginal cytology, 18.1% was produced in the same of the expected parturition day and the real one, 30.3% and 33.3% were produced in the gap of one day and two days, respectively so, the accuracy within two days was 81.7%. In addition, based on the first day of diestrus, it also was identified to 81.7% as the difference between the expected parturition day and the real one within 2 days. It demonstrated there are any difference between any expected parturition day by vaginal cytology. Thus on the basis of the day of being over 90% CI, it is fully thought to using clinically due to the possibility of prediction the parturition day at the same time as the determination of the proper time of the optimal mating time.

To investigate the change of vaginal epithelial cell in estrus-induced Shih-tzu bitch, estrus was induced by PMSG (50 IU/kg, for 10 days) and hCG (1,000 IU, on Day 10) in 12 anestrus Shih-tzu bitches. Day-changes of vaginal epithelial cells during the whole period of hormone treatment were investigated in each experimental bitches. The first day of vulvar bleeding and the first day of male acceptant was on days (), and days after the first PMSG treatment. The duration of proestrus and estrus was days, and days. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell and anuclear cell in estrus, and parabasal cell, small and large intermediate cell, and leukocyte in diestrus, respectively. When it was timed from the first day of PMSG administration (Day 0), the cornification index (CI) was the high proportion in proestrus and estrus. The CI peak was maintained above 80% between Day 11~14 (4 days) and CI showed a peak at Day 12. These results indicated that the 12 Shih-tzu bitches showed positive estrus induction by vaginal smear test and observation of clinical estrus sign.

Vaginal cytology with behavioral observation was performed in 34 estrous cycles in 16 Miniature Schnauzer dogs to evaluate the its usefulness. The mean duration of proestrus and estrus in Miniature Schnauzer based on behavioral observation and vaginal cytology was (Mean S.D., range: ) and days for proestrus, and and days for estrus, respectively. The duration of each phase of the estrous cycle was not significantly different based on between behavioral observation and vaginal cytology. The gestational length from the first day of male acceptance was days, days from the first male refusal, and days from the onset of cytologic diestrus, respectively. Vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were significantly characteristic of large intermediate cells in proestrus, anuclear cells in estrus, small intermediate cells in diestrus, and parabasal cells and small intermediate cells in anestrus (p<0.001), respectively. Cornification index (CI) by vaginal cytology was higher in proestrus () and estrus (), then it was decreased in diestrus () and anestrus ().

Shit-tzu견에서 발정 주기, 교배 적기 및 배란 시기를 정확하게 추정하기 위한 질 세포 검사를 확립하기 위하여 Shih-tzu 견 12두를 대상으로 발정 주기동안 질 세포 검사 및 estradiol-와 progesterone 농도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 발정주기별 질 세포상의 특징적인 변화로서 발정 전기에는 무핵 세포와 적혈구, 발정기에는 표층 세포와 무핵 세포 및 적혈구가 주종을 이루는 세포였으며 발정 휴지기에는 소형 중간 세포와

비글개 6두에서 11회(임신견 7두, 비 임신견 4두)의 발정 주기 및 임신 기간 동안 질 상피 세포 검사 및 혈장 progesterone과 estradiol- 농도를 측정하여 질 상피 세포상과 번식 호르몬의 관계를 조사하고 배란 및 교배 적기 판정을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 임신 예와 비 임신 예에 있어서 발정 전기, 발정기 및 발정 휴지기의 기간은 각각 및 그리고 및 일이었다. 임선 예에 비해 비 임신견의 발정 휴지기가 길

본 연구는 콘택트렌즈 착용자를 대상으로 압입 세포진단법 (Impression cytology) 을 이용하여 결막 표면을 평가하고자 시행하였다. 콘택트렌즈 착용자 38 명， 콘택트렌즈 착용을 한 번도 착용하지 않은 건강한 눈을 가진 대조군 35 명을 대상으로 Impres - sion cytology를 시행하여 대상자들의 결막 상피의 형태릎 조사하였다. Impression cytology는 겸체가 PAS system으로 염색이 된 후에 배상 세포의 밀도， 상피 세포의 크기와 형태， 상피 세포의 핵 : 세포질 (N: C) 비율 등의 변화룹 기초로 한 Nelson 의 등급에 따라 겸 체를 4단계로 분류하였다. 콘택트렌즈 착용자를 렌즈 착용 기 간에 따라 다시 3그룹으로 분류하여 Impression cytology를 시행하여 Nelson 의 Grade scale 에 따라 평가한 결파 0-12 개월 착용자에 서 정상에 해당하는 Grade 0은 53.85%, 13 - 487R 월 착용자에서는 20% 이며， 48개월 이상 착용자에서는 없었으며 Grade 1 이상이 100% 로 나타났다 콘택트렌즈 착용 기 간이 길수록 Snake-like chromatin changes 와 같은 세포학적 변화가 많음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 콘택트렌즈 착용자의 안구표면에 대한 세포조직학적 조사는 Impression cytology를 이용하여 평가하는 것이 유용할 것으로 사료된다. 특히 Impression cytology는 비침습적이며 안전하고 간단한 생겸 방볍으로 사용될 수 있 고， 건성안과 콘택트렌즈 착용자에서 다양한 안구 표변 변화를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

휴지상태에 있는 성숙한 도열병균 포자 1,000개를 관찰한 결과 각 세포에 단핵을 가지는 포자비율이 로 단연 많았고 또 미숙회자인 1세포 1핵 포자로부터 출발하여 3세포 3핵인 성숙포자가 형성됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 분열 중인 핵은 배열된 염색체로서 관찰할 수 있었으며, 염색체수는 n=3,4,5,6개로 나타났으나, n=5개가 가장 많았다. 핵이 발아관으로 이동하는 방법은 첫째로 휴지상태에 있던 핵이 분열하여 2핵이 되고 그 중 1핵이 발아관에 이동하고 1핵은 세포내에 머무는 것과, 둘째 방법은 핵분열 없이 직접 세포내의 1핵이 발아관을 따라 이동하는 것들이 있다. 또 부착기내의 핵을 염색하여 관찰한 결과 무핵의 부착기가 상당히 많았으나 핵질을 가진 500개의 부착기 중에 단핵이 476개로서 였다(Chromosome 으로 관찰된 4부착기는 제외). 이상의 결과로서 도열병균은 전생활환을 통하여 단핵을 함유한다는 것을 인정할 수 있으며, 도열병균포자가 다세포일지라도 Homokaryon이라고 생각되므로 단포자분리균을 도열병에 관한 모든 시험에 공시하는 것은 합당하다고 할 수 있다.

Detection of oral cancer is only depend on biopsy. We analyzed the usefulness of smear cytology in the detection of the squamous epithelial lesions of the oral cavity. The author collected a total of 54 cases of oral cytology and some corresponding biopsies from the patients who had a leukoplakia or ulceration of the oral mucosa over 12 months. Cytology slides were prepared using ThinPrep method and stained with Papanicolaou stain. The cytologic diagnoses were categorized based on The Bethesda System and the histologic diagnoses were classified as negative, oral intraepithelial neoplasia (OIN) I, OIN II, OIN III, or squamous cell carcinoma. Cytohistologic correlations were reviewed. Three cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 5 cases of OIN III, and 46 cases of non-neoplastic benign lesions (including 7 cases of reactive atypia and 39 cases of within normal limit) were detected. Three cases of reactive atypia and 1 case of OIN III were confirmed as OIN I through follow-up biopsy. The cause of error was interpretation error in all cases. The concordance rate of oral cytology and biopsy was 92.6%. Oral cytology is a useful primary screen of OIN and oral cancer.