본 연구는 디아코니아 실천의 대상으로 사회적 취약계층에는 주목하고 있지만 행복취약계층에는 상대적으로 낮은 관심을 보이고 있는 점을 주목했다. 이를 위해서 행복에 대한 관점에 대해서 살폈으며, 행복에 대한 연구자료에 근거하여 행복취약계층을 인식하고 그들의 행복과 삶의 질을 높이는데 실질적으로 기여하는 디아코니아 실천을 통한 선교적 방안을 마련하고자 했다. 이 연구를 통하여 우리의 이웃 중에는 고립과 외로움, 종사상의 지위, 나이가 많다는 이유로 그리고 가정과 사회에서 책임을 다하면서도 행복을 놓치는 사람들이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 기독교는 행복의 사각지대에서 존재하는 그들에게 디아 코니아 실천을 통한 선교를 통해서 참 행복을 선물할 수 있어야 한다. 기독교의 예배는 하나님과 단절된 영혼을 이어주는 행복한 사건이 되고, 교회를 통해서 세상은 행복한 환대를 경험해야 할 것이다. 그리스 도인들은 ‘자기’라는 경계를 넘어서 이웃과 세상으로 건너가 행복을 선물할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 이웃을 사랑하는 기독교의 진정성은 이웃의 몸과 마음 그리고 그 영혼까지 건지는 전인적인 행복을 그들에게 줄 수 있다

그동안 한국교회는 복음 선교사역을 지금까지 충실하게 감당해 왔다. 그러한 헌신은 세계선교의 역사에도 빛날 정도이다. 그러나 오늘날 한국교회는 한국 사회에서 영향력을 상실한 상태이다. 특히 그 어느 때보다 코로나19 팬데믹(pandemic)으로 인하여 경제, 사회, 문화 등 삶의 전 영역에서 어려운 시기를 보내고 있다. 그러나 교회가 이러한 사태 속에서 사회에 긍정적인 영향력을 끼치지 못하고 있는 것이 현재 한국교회의 실정이다. 이러한 시대적 상황 속에서 본 논문은 앞서 많은 연구가 이루어진 독일 요한 힌리히 비헤른의(Johann Hinrich Wichern) “내적선교”(Innere Mission)를 선교 신학적 관점 에서 독일 디아코니아의 역사와 함께 살펴보고, 문명 대전환기에 서있 는 이 시대에 한국교회가 지향해야 할 디아코니아의 선교적 의미를 찾아보고, 디아코니아 실천을 통한 교회의 긍정적인 모습과 그 가치와 중요성에 논의해 보고자 한다.

오순절/은사주의 운동의 디아코니아 실천은 이 운동의 광범위한 영향에 매우 중요한 역할을 했다. 하지만 이 운동은 비사회적 그리고 배타적 운동이라 하여 그 영향력이 저평가 되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 오순절/은사주 의 운동에서 디아코니아적인 이해와 실천의 흔적들을 발견하는 것이다. 이러한 목적 아래, 초기 오순절주의자들이 디아코니아를 어떻게 이해하고 실천했는지를 살폈다. 또한 오순절/은사주의 운동에서 디아코니아에 대한 이해가 어떻게 변화하는 지를 추적했다. 역사적으로 오순절/은사주의 운동 은 사회, 경제적, 정치적 변화로 인해 발생하는 다양한 사회문제들을 다루었 다. 오순절/은사주의 운동에는 사회 참여, 특정 디아코니아 실천 참여, 적극적인 진보적 사회 운동에 이르기까지 수많은 기록이 존재한다. 오순절/ 은사주의 운동을 비사회적, 배타적 운동으로 평가하는 것은 이 운동에 대한 피상적인 이해를 보여주고 있음을 알 수 있다.

With the assumption that Christian mission should be a holistic mission that includes responsible society and with a consideration that Diakonia should be re-recognized as the original mission of the church for the holistic mission, the aim of the present thesis is to explore a directionality as a means of implementing the social service for a ministry of the proper mission through leadership. In this research, an attempt was made first to review how Diakonia has been implemented as the mission of the church in history and examine the linkage between Diakonia and the mission, and its relation to social welfare through a bibliographical study. Lastly, an analysis of leadership in nonprofit organization was carried out to apply the findings to the leadership in a Christian social welfare institution that is to realize the Diakonia. In the harmony of Kerygma that is the basic mission of the church, Koinonia of love within Christ, and Diakonia, the Diakonia should be so constituted with the mission rather than just restricted activity area of the church and should also be properly defined. As such, Diakonia cannot be thought of separately from mission, which is befitting for the ministry of the present Korean church and social mission. As for social service itself, Korean Christian church has regarded it as one of the important missions of the church but acknowledging at the same that the past record cannot be regarded as satisfactory, thereby suggesting the importance and the necessity of forming Diakonia through an institution. If this can be implemented, it is expected that it will bestow a proper view of faith for Christians by forming proper Diakonia through a social welfare institution and bring about a change to proper mission as the mission of the church. However, at a time when powerful mission is required for participating in social welfare, a necessity for more professional approach has been emphasized. At this point in time, it seems that the time has come for Korean Christian church to re-establish Diakonia as the holistic mission and for Christian workers who are participating in social welfare work to think more in depth on the future tasks with a re-thinking of the past in an effort to reveal their love for God in a changing environment. Accordingly, as a practical and efficient means to implement the Diakonia as a community life while living the present era, our focus was placed on empowerment of leadership. And for the purpose, we have introduced the leadership method of nonprofit organizations that have been growing considerably for the past several years. The reason is, partly because we have discovered many common aspects in-between church organizations and nonprofit organizations. Especially, personnel management among operation methods presented us with factors that can be applied fruitfully to Christian social welfare institutions. Accumulated experiences and researches on nonprofit organization could present a directionality of change for many Christian social welfare institutions to construct and manage an organizational structure from existing welfare organization practices. In other words, the social welfare institutions that have religious identity could be of help in implementing Diakonia to local residents. This can be called Diakonia through mission or the holistic mission that is badly needed in the contemporary world. Therefore, in this thesis, certain measures have been presented that can be utilized as the basis for designing an organizational structure through which Diakonia could become more effective in implementation through Christian social welfare institutions.

Increasing number of churches are adopting church social volunteer programs. A major issue in organizing social volunteering concerns the management that are most effective for recruiting member participation. Grounded in previous research and discussion, this study develops and estimates a model identifying the relationships of religiosity, church social volunteer recruitment management, and level of church members’ social volunteering. Using survey data from 1,490 church-going Christians and employing multiple regression method, this study demonstrates the importance of organizational intervention such as church social volunteer recruitment management to promote Christians’ social volunteering. This study discusses directions for future research on same research topics.

Diakonia means serving neighbors through sharing and healing in their place what we can do. Spiritual worship in church is accompanied by serving neighbors as reasonable, sensible and logical service because liturgy is integrated with man and work as Ancient Greeks. In other words, it means public work. Because worship is common public work and service for the world, true worship must be accompanied by true service. For its service, dual ministry types, or the Service of the Word and the Service of response to the Word must be carried out rightly. To the effect of this, We can say that the history of the church has been a series of an effort for its mission. In this paper, we present missionary works, after historical examination, centering around important persons, system and accidents, making the representative services a main subject in order to easily understand the overall direction of Diakonia on the western churches. The First Church evaluated relief works highly, activated Diakonia, but has a risk of distorting the Gospel, relating to salvation indirectly in its ideological background, by teaching retributive justice. Also, The First Church failed to reach the social structural service. therefore, one of the evil practices, slavery has been recognized as it was. Since the Reformation, Martin Luther criticized an Indulgence and a mistake of charity. Because he didn't regard relief facilities as a direct work of the church, but its management and responsibilities as the government, he was more interested in establishing the theology than practicing the charitable work and Diakonia. On the other hand, John Calvin looked upon relief facilities which are independent of the government ideal. Because neighborly love was originated from faith, Christians accepted neighbors as an object of serving. Diakonia must begin from self-denial and sacrifice. To save the people in the lurch, He institutionalized a deacon. The campaign of settlement house in the nineteen century established settlement house for the poor with two purposes to become a friend of settlers. The campaign of settlement house in England has been religiously influenced. On the disaster of Westminster Cathedral, Vicar Barnett rent a slum in London and made a volunteer living with some students. The first settlement house in America stemmed from Neighborhood Guild of New York City founded by Stanton Coit in 1887. Christians welfare service organization, “Inner Mission” was founded by Johann. H. Vichern. Since the middle part of nineteen century, they found out a social cause of poverty, disease, and problems. To get rid of this cause, they maintained to improve the social structure. Before the industrialization, they thought the cause of the poverty and deficiency naturally and personally. Since the Industrial Revolution, due to the low wages, exploitation, and industrial disasters, many labors became a low class in quantity. They set up a recognition not to solve the poverty, disease, deficiency and troubles with an individual relief. This recognition influenced the church and was embodied in twelve century. Social Gospel campaign, Religious Socialism campaign or Responsible Society from Ecumenical Society have advanced in the direction of Diakonia into the reform of social structure.

The study deals with crisis of Latin America and diakonia mission strategy to deeply problems in Latin America society and culture in which problems have been formed historically in the colonialism context from Spanish and Portugal. In this paper, crisis of Latin America analyzes the economical, social, religious, cultural and political factors to the problems, and mention mission strategy of diakonia for the social transformation against problems and issues. First, I explained on the crisis of the economic, political, social, cultural and spiritual problem of Latin America, the paper describes the present difficult situation and its historical roots resulting from the time of the Spanish and Portugal’s colonialism. They have a lot of problems in Latin America society; such as poverty, violence, population explosion, lack of job, diseases, lack of foods, and illiteracy. Second, this paper suggest some diakonia mission strategies to be able to the change in Latin America. There are 1) diakonia mission strategy through Christianity NGO group; 2) social development mission toward poverty region and slum area; 3) holistic education mission strategy; 4) global partnership and cooperation mission for crises and problems of Latin America. Third, this study focus on holistic mission and social service mission in various Latin America contexts. International mission agency and Christian community in the world should be help and participate about problems and pains of Latin America. We need partnership and cooperation with between world Christianity and Latin America community.

This paper is to examine Yun Chi-ho’s public theology in terms of Diakonia mission. Though the separation of politics and church is emphasized in the public area, the religious view of politicians and public servants actually plays an important role of deciding political issues and transforming social life. As a case study, I explore the characteristics of Yun's Diakonia mission by analyzing his diaries. First, before his conversion to Christianity, Yun served as servant at the Ministry of Foreign Affair. He tried to reform society by introducing Western educational and medical system into Korea. His political exile helped himself to experience Western civilization in China and the USA. Under the new worldview of Christianity, Yun realized the importance of education for the future of Korea. Second, after his overseas study and visit to Europe, Yun became the leader of the Independence Club to reform Korean government from the absolute monarchy into a constitutional one. King Gojong dissolved the party and appointed Yun as a local government officer. He encouraged his people to organize the systematic resistance against the injustice of Japanese settlers in Wonsan. He criticized the unlawful deed of Catholic missionary and mad him recalled home. He believed that a Korean servant of Confucian government should act partially to religious issues and that a particular religion, even Christianity, must not have any absolute position in Korea. Third, Yun didn't overlook the racial and cultural arrogance of Western missionaries. His perspective of mission has been formed under the influence of other religions. He owed the corruption and impoverishment of Korea to the egoism and classism of Confucianism. Putting the gradual transformation over the sudden conversion, Yun argued that the motive of conversion should be based on the fear of God, not on the freedom from the oppression of corrupt officers. He proposed the new directions of Korean mission in the 20th century: ① the cooperation and union of churches for mission, ② the concentrated mission in Songdon, ③ the importance of vocational education, ④ the education of women, and ⑤ the contextual mission strategy. Fourth, Yun's Diakonia mission focused on the need of Korean people rather that that of missionaries. His pen name means “a serving old man”, who contributed to the formation and development of Christian education in Korea. Yun's visit to Hawaii also reminds us of his vision for the independence based on the moral and economic development. In conclusion, reflecting on the legacy of Yun Chi-ho, I suggest three viable agenda for the 21st century mission: ① Diakonia mission under lay leadership, ② the cooperation of churches and the dialogue among religions, and ③ the paradigm shift toward the solidarity between missionary churches and indigenous churches.

In the age of neo-liberal, global capitalism various kinds of human communities are continuously deconstructed and the creation is severely demolished. Under this circumstance diakonia should overcome the dichotomy of giver and receiver, which means the Baal type of diakonia theology. On the one hand, the giver always wants to be a giver/stronger, so that s/he has never accepted help from others and s/he denies the justification by faith. On the other hand, the receiver could be a crippled inside by negating the possibility of becoming a giver. However, there is an alternative model of diakonia, alternative community model. This model is an “alternative” to the neo-liberal, global capitalism and an alternative “community” model rather than an alternative individual one. In this paper, diakonia is defined as a salvation act through establishing faith community aiming at the Kingdom of God. This thesis aims at suggesting some cases of diakonia of Korean Christianity as alternative community models. There are four types of alternative communities: community type (Pulmu school and its local community), church type (Jagun church), church-community type (Baegun church and Hanmaum community, and Multicultural church and the Borderless Village), and NGO type (Youngdungpo-UIM based credit cooperative, Kwanak Self-support Center, and Ulsan Social Enterprise). The missiological significance of these alternative communities is such as: their aim is the kingdom of God and church should be a sign-community orienting toward the kingdom of God; their model is the koinonia of trinity; the close relationship between diakonia and koinonia; members of alternative communities are the little, outcasts, and minjung; we learn from them that the mission paradigm shifts from social mission to life mission; the center of the life mission is economy so that alternative economic community is very important; the importance of spirituality, concentrating toward the inner mind in oder to serve others(people and the creation). Though we are looking for alternative community models, they are particular ones, fit to their own socio-political, cultural and economic traditions and systems. However their missiological significance shows us some contour of a universal picture.