The objective of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the activity of [10]-gingerol using A2058 human melanoma cells. [10]-Gingerol inhibited the proliferation of A2058 cells by 50% at a concentration of 52 μM. Such inhibition was dose-dependent accompanied by morphological change indicative of apoptosis. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis by Annexin V and PI double staining showed that [10]-gingerol increased the extent of apoptosis. Analysis of the mechanism of these events indicated that [10]-gingerol increased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, resulting in the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in a dose-dependent manner.

Human malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer which has been rising at a greater rate than any other cancers. Although various new therapeutic methods have been developed in previous studies, this disease has properties of high proliferation and metastasis rate which remain obstacles that have lead to a poor prognosis in patients. It has been reported that a specific Lactobacillus extract has anti-cancer and –metastasis effect in vitro and in vivo. However, previous research has not specified precisely what effect the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) extract has had on human malignant melanomas. In this study, we showed that the LGG extract has anti-cancer and –metastasis effects on the human malignant melanoma cell lines, A375P and A375SM. At first, it was found that, while the LGG extract affects human neonatal dermal fibroblasts slightly, it induced the dose-dependent anti-cancer effect on A375P and A375SM by a WST-1 proliferation assay. As a result of a real-time PCR analysis, the expression patterns of several genes related to cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis were modulating in a manner that inhibited the growth of both malignant melanoma cell lines after the treatment of the LGG extract. Furthermore, genes related to the epithelialmesenchymal transition were down-regulated, and migration rates were also decreased significantly by the LGG extract. Our study showed that the LGG extract could be used as a potential therapeutic source.

We investigated the synergistic apoptotic effects of co- treatments with Chios gum mastic (CGM) and eugenol on G361 human melanoma cells. An MTT assay was cond-ucted to investigate whether this co-treatment efficiently reduces the viability of G361 cells compared with each single treatment. The induction and augmentation of apop-tosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst stai-ning, and analyses of DNA hypoploidy. Western blot ana-lysis and immunofluorescent staining were also performed to evaluate expression and translocation of apoptosis- related proteins following CGM and eugenol co-treatment. Proteasome activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes were also assayed.The results indicated that the co-treatment of CGM and eugenol induces multiple pa-thways and processes associated with an apoptotic response in G361 cells. These include nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, a reduction in MMP and proteasome acti-vity, an increase of Bax and decrease of Bcl-2, a decreased DNA content, cytochrome c release into the cytosol, the translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) into the nucleus, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP and DFF45 (ICAD). In contrast, separate treatments of 40 µg/ml CGM or 300 µM eugenol for 24 hours did not induce apoptosis. Our present data thus suggest that a combination therapy of CGM and eugenol is a potential treatment strategy for human melanoma.

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound that is widely used in dentistry as a component of zinc oxide eugenol cement that is commonly applied to the mouth environment. Cisplatin is one of the most potent known anticancer agents and shows significant clinical activity against a variety of solid tumors. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effects of co-treatments with eugenol and cisplatin on human melanoma (G361) cells. To investigate whether this co-treatment efficiently reduces the viability of G361 cells compared with each single treatment, an MTT assay was conducted. The induction and augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst staining and an analysis of DNA hypoploidy. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were also performed to evaluate the expression levels and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins following this co-treatment. Furthermore, proteasome activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes were also assayed. The results indicated that a co-treatment with eugenol and cisplatin induced multiple pathways and processes associated with an apoptotic response in G361 cells including nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, a reduction in MMP and proteasome activity, the increase and decrease of Bax and Bcl-2, a decreased DNA content, the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, the translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) into the nucleus, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP and DFF45 (ICAD). In contrast, separate treatments of 300 μM eugenol or 3 μM cisplatin for 24 h did not induce apoptosis. Our present data thus suggest that a combination therapy of eugenol and cisplatin is a potential treatment strategy for human melanoma.

Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves and cinnamon that is used widely in perfumes. However, the significant anesthetic and sedative effects of this compound have led to its use also in dental procedures. Recently, it was reported that eugenol induces apoptosis in several cancer cell types but the mechanism underlying this effect has remained unknown. In our current study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of eugenol upon human melanoma G361 cells are associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis using a range of methods including an XTT assay, Hoechst staining, immunocytochemistry, western blotting and flow cytometry. Eugenol treatment was found to decrease the viability of the G361 cells in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis in eugenol-treated G361 cells was confirmed by the appearance of nuclear condensation, the release of both cytochrome c and AIF into the cytosol, the cleavage of PARP and DFF45, and the downregulation of procaspase-3 and -9. With regard to cell cycle arrest, a time-dependent decrease in cyclin A, cyclin D3, cyclin E, cdk2, cdk4, and cdc2 expression was observed in the cells after eugenol treatment. Flow cytometry using a FACScan further demonstrated that eugenol induces a cell cycle arrest at S phase. Our results thus suggest that the inhibition of G361 cell proliferation by eugenol is the result of an apoptotic response and an S phase arrest that is linked to the decreased expression of key cell cycle-related molecules.

Xanthine oxidase(XO)/√hypoxanthine(HX)에 대한 저먼캐모마일(Matricaria chamomile L., German chamomile)추출물에 대한 영향을 인체피부멜라닌세포(SK-MEL-3)를 배양한 후 세포부착율을 비롯한 DPPH-자유기 소거능(DPPH-radical scav-enging activity), 티로시나제의 활성, 총멜라닌량의 정량 및 광학현미경적 관찰에 의하여 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 XO/HX는 배양 SK-MEL-3세포에 처리한 농도에 비례하여 유의한 세포부착율의 감소를 나타낸 반면, 저먼캐모마일 추출물은 XO/HX에 의하여 감소된 세포부착율의 유의한 증가와 자유기 소거능을 나타냄으로서 XO/HX의 산화적 손상에 대한 방어효과를 나타냈다. 한편, 배양 SK-MEL-3세포에서 XO/HX에 대한 저먼캐모마일 추출의 멜라닌합성능을 조사하기 위하여 티로시나제의 활성 및 총멜라닌량을 측정하였다. 그 결과 80μg·mL-1, 또는 160μg·mL-1의 저먼캐모마일 추출물의 전 처리에서 XO/HX의 처리군에 비하여 유의한 티로시나제활성 감소와 총멜라닌량의 감소를 나타냈다. 한편, 광학현미경적 관찰에 있어서 저먼캐모마일 추출물을 처리한 실험군은 XO/HX만을 처리한 실험군에 비하여 세포수와 세포돌기가 더 많이 증가한 것으로 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 부터 XO/HX는 배양 SK-MEL-3세포에 독성효과를 나타냈으며, 저먼캐모마일 추출물은 XO/HX의 세포독성에 대한 방어효과 및 항멜라닌화를 나타냈다.

꿀풀과(Labiatae)의 일종인 잉글리쉬 라벤더(Lavendula angustifolia L.)추출물이 tert-butylhydro- peroxide (t-BHP)에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 인체피부흑색종세포(SK-MEL-3)를 배양한 후 t- BHP의 산화적 손상에 대한 영향을 세포증식율에 의하여 조사하였다. 또한 t-BHP의 멜라닌화(melanogenesis)에 대한 라벤더 추출물의 영향을 티로시나제 활성(tyrosinase activity) 및 멜라닌합성(melanin synthesis)에 대하여 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 t-BHP는 배양 SK-MEL-3세포에 처리한 농도에 따라 세포증식을 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소시켰다. 이 과정에서 t-BHP의 독성이 세포증식에 영향을 미치는 초기독성값(initial-cytotoxicity value )와 중간독성값(mid-cytotoxicity value)가 각각 4 uM과 30uM에서 나타났다. 한편, t-BHP에 대한 라벤더추출물은 t-BHP에 의해 감소된 세포증식을 유의하게 증가시켰으며, 동시에 티로시나제의 활성과 멜라닌합성을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 이상의 결과로 부터 라벤더추출물은 t-BHP에 대한 항산화효과와 멜라닌화를 방어하는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

활성산소의 하나인 과산화수소(hydrogen peroxide, H2O2)에 대한 세포독성과 이에 대한 연꽃수술(Nelumbo nucifera stamen, NNS)추출물의 항산화효과 및 멜라닌화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 세포부착율 (cell adhesion activity, CAA)을 비롯한 티로시나제활성저해능 및 총멜라닌합성량을 분석하였다. 본 실험 결과 hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)는 배양 인체피부흑색종세포 (SK-MEL-3)의 CAA를 유의하게 감소시킴으로서 세포독성효과를 나타냈다. 이에 대하여 NNS추출물은 H2O2의 산화적 손상에 의하여 감소된 CAA를 유의하게 증가시킴으로서 항산화효과를 나타냈다. 한편, H2O2에 대한 NNS추출물의 멜라닌화에 대한 영향에 있어서 NNS추출물은 H2O2에 의하여 활성화된 티로시나제활성과 총멜라닌합성량을 감소시킴으로서 멜라닌화에 대하여 억제효과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로 부터 H2O2는 배양 인체피부흑색종세포에 고독성을 나타냈으며 NNS와 같은 식물추출물은 H2O2와 같은 활성산소에 의한 산화적 손상 및 멜라닌화를 방어하는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

산소자유라디칼의 하나인 hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)에 대한 세포독성과 이에 대한 페놀화합물의 일종인 gallic acid의 영향을 cell adhesion activity(CAA)를 비롯한 DPPH-radical scavenging activity, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity에 의하여 분석하였다. 본 실험에서 H2O2는 배양 인체피부흑색종세포(SK-MEL-3)에 처리한 농도에 의존적으로 유의한 세포부착율의 감소를 나타냈으며 또한 고독성 효과를 보였다. 한편, H2O2의 산화적 손상에 대한 gallic acid의 방어효과를 조사하기 위하여 세포부착율과 LDH 활성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 gallic acid는 H2O2에 의하여 감소된 세포부착율을 유의하게 증가시킨 반면, LDH 활성은 유의한 감소를 보임으로서 항산화효과를 나타냈다. 더욱이 gallic acid는 DPPH-radical scavenging activity의 분석에서 유의한 자유라디칼 소거능을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 부터 H2O2는 배양 인체피부흑색종세포에 고독성을 나타냈으며 gallic acid와 같은 페놀화합물은 H2O2와 같은 산화적 손상을 방어하는데 효과적이었다.