Avian Influenza (AI) is an avian disease that break out by AI virus (AIV). As Hemagglutinin (HA) that is a main antigen surface protein of influenza virus that causes these influenza infection changes continuously, HA escapes bond of guided antibody by host"s immunity system. Specification region (HA91-261) of HA molecule that reconize receptor (sialic acid) of host cell is well-preserved without changing relatively, but is gotten buried on inside of trimer structure in natural conditions, is reported that development of effective vaccine or cure for HA protein is difficult because is not exposed to immunity system. Aptamer is relatively small strand DNA or RNA, and has high affinity to specific proteins. In this study, new aptamer DNAs were screened which can specifically bind to the receptor binding region of HA H9 protein.

We apply Return Dispersion Model by calculating CSAD (Cross-sectional standard deviation of return) and State Space Model to identify herding behavior in the period of pandemic (H1N1 and COVID-19). Employing data from TEJ and Data Stream, this paper examines whether the herding behavior is existing in Vietnam and Taiwan stock market, especially during pandemic influenza. We compare the differences in herding behavior between frontier and emerging markets by examining different industries across Vietnam and Taiwan stock market approaches. The results indicate solid evidence for investor herd configuration in the various industries of Vietnam and Taiwan. The herding impact in the industries will be greater than with the aggregate market. The different industries respond differently to influenza pandemic panics through uptrend and downtrend demonstrations. Up to 12 industries were found to have herding in Vietnam, while Taiwan had only 5 of 17 industries classified. Taiwan market, an emerging and herding-level market, has changed due to the impact of changing conditions such as epidemics, but not as strongly as in Vietnam. From there, we see that the disease is a factor that, not only creates anxiety from a health perspective, but also causes psychological instability for investors when investing in the market.

Neutropenia is a common finding in pediatrics with 1.5-9% of children (without malignancy) presenting to hospital found incidentally to be neutropenic. The majority of these pediatric patients with transient neutropenia present with infectious symptoms with an infectious agent proven in approximately 50% of cases, most commonly viral in nature. 270 children, who were diagnosed with influenza infection at the Chosun University Hospital during a 8-year period, were included in the study. Clinical and laboratory feature were analyzed. 46 patients (17%) were neutropenic with no identifiable cause other than the influenza. The incidence of leukopenia was significantly higher in association with influenza B than influenza A (24.0% vs 12.3%). Period from the onset of fever to lymphopenia was significantly longer in association with neutropenia (+) group than neutropenia (−) group. Recovery period of neutropenia was mean 4 days (range 3-7 days). We conclude that mild, transient neutropenia is common among patients with influenza infection and advise that it should not cause alarm or invite specific investigation unless severe or prolonged.

Biochemical methane potential (BMP) of residual wastes from transesterification was tested to safely recycle carcass via rendering process. The carcass was obtained from a buried site for avian influenza (AI) infected poultry. Rendered lipid generated by a pilot-scale high-pressure rendering process was the main source of transesterification for biodiesel recovery. To test the feasibility of waste-to-energy approach for AI infected carcass, we compared the BMPs of various fractions of rendered materials from the carcass. BMP and specific methanogenic activity results indicate that transesterification waste shows better digestibility than that of rendered lipid, and the digestion performance was comparable to that of liquid residue. Biogas yields of glycerol, rendered lipids, and liquid residue were estimated as 0.11 L/g chemical oxygen demand (COD), 0.06 L/g COD, and 0.17 L/g COD, respectively. Regression analysis support that biogas production rate of glycerol (21 mL/g COD/d) was much faster than that of lipid (7 mL/g COD/d) while that of liquid residue was similar (24 mL/g COD/d). In summary using transesterification waste as a bioresource for bioenergy conversion can be a viable and sustainable option for the complete termination of burial site.

육류소비는 가축사육의 비약적인 증가를 초래함과 동시에 조류독감과 구제역 등의 전염병 발병으로 인해 오염된 닭, 오리, 소, 돼지 등이 대량 폐사되는 사례가 늘어나고 있다. 이로 인해 폐사축을 처리 및 처분하여 매몰지를 소멸화 하는 방법들이 강구되고 있다. 그 중 렌더링공정을 이용하여 고온 고압 하에서 폐사축을 전처리하여 발생된 지방을 전이에스테르화하여 바이오디젤을 생산하는 방법이 주목 받고 있는데, 이 역시 바이오디젤을 생산할 수 있는 반면 글리세롤이 폐기물로 발생된다는 단점이 있다. 본 연구는 이 글리세롤을 혐기성 소화의 탄소원과 에너지원으로 사용하여 바이오가스로 전환하는 가능성을 평가하기위해 생화학적 메탄 포텐셜(biochemical methane potential, BMP)테스트를 시행하였다. 반응조 COD농도를 1g으로 설정하고 섭씨 37도 배양기에서 혐기성 입상슬러지를 식종균으로 14일 동안 바이오가스 발생을 모니터링한 결과, 글리세롤로 부터 약 50~58 mL/g COD의 메탄수율 획득이 가능함을 밝혔다. 또한 글리세롤의 바이오가스 전환이 7일 이내에 종료되는 것으로 나타났으며, AI 폐사축으로부터 바이오디젤을 생산 후 나온 부산물인 글리세롤을 자원화하는 혐기성소화 시 메탄생성속도는 7.0~8.3 mL/gCOD･d로 나타났다.

농가를 방문하는 가금관련업체의 관계자 및 차량은 HPAI 질병 확산의 매개체가 된다. 농가들의 가금관련업체 이용 정보를 이용하면 농가간의 연결을 확인할 수 있고 HPAI 확산 가중 네트워크를 구성할 수 있다. 네트워크 분석중 중심성 측정은 질병에 취약하거나 타 농가에 영향력이 큰 역할을 하는 농가를 분석하는 방법으로 HPAI 초기 확산을 통제하는 방법으로 이용된다. 단, HPAI 바이러스는 네트워크의 연결선 가중치에 따라서 확산 경로가 달라질 수 있다.

We aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of Zanthoxylum species against influenza virus A/WS/33, A/PR/8 and B/Lee/40 used by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and the action of leaves extracts of Zanthoxylum piperitum on life cycle of influenza virus A/WS/33. Among the twelve extracts, only the leaf extract of Z. piperitum exhibited strong antiviral activity at low concentration of less than 10μg/ml with no citotoxicity (50μg/ml) against all of three viruses. In addition, only oseltamivir showed antiviral activity with IC50 of 65.3μg/ml against influenza A/WS/33 among the viruses. Furthermore, the leaf extract of Z. piperitum suppressed infection of influenza virus A/WS/33, when added just prior (-1 hr) or after virus inoculation (0 hr). Leaf extract of Z. piperitum directly affect the infectivity of influenza virus A/WS/33 particles. Therefore, Leaf extract of Z. piperitum exhibited higher antiviral activity against three influenza viruses than that of the oseltamivir, which directly interacts with influenza A/WS/33 particles, affecting the initial stages of infection such as receptor binding and virus entry.