The legal status of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) has been regulated through the High Seas Treaty as a common heritage of humankind. However, there still exist problems related to overlapping areas above the Extended Continental Shelf (ECS). In such areas, a significant continental shelf would fall within national jurisdiction, whereas the water column would be under the regime of the high seas, and BBNJ would be the common heritage of humankind. We argue that, in order to address the overlapping of areas within the superjacent waters in the ECS, a given sui generis status is required, so that the coastal state has a sovereign right to conserve the BBNJ in these areas. This study concludes that the sui generis arrangement should be implemented in the context of an overlapping ECS and its water column. The efforts of the Indonesian government to extend the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles constitute an important step in preserving natural resources for future generations.

한자는 특유의 고유성을 지닌 문자언어의 또 다른 형식이며, 인류 문명사의 중 요한 자산 중 하나이다. 그럼에도 표음문자 중심의 시각에서는 한자가 전근대적인 문자 로 폄훼되는 경우들이 많았다. 본서는 바로 이러한 인식의 전환의 필요성과 함께, 한자가 가진 형체-의미 간 통합성에 따른 문화적 보고로서의 가치와 의의를 인식해야 함을 강조 하고 있다. 저자는 이와 같은 주장을 뒷받침하기 위해 다양한 한자들의 형체와 의미를 분 석하였고, 이 형체-의미 간의 연관성을 입증하기 위해 방대한 문자·문헌·문화 자료들을 활용하였다. 저자는 또한 한자의 고유성과 가치에 대한 인식이 동양의 가치와 위상을 바 로잡을 수 있는 첫걸음이며, 또한 이러한 인식의 확장은 인류 문명사를 통합적 관점에서 바라볼 수 있는 중요한 계기를 마련할 수 있음을 역설하고 있다.

In late 1950’s, the beginning of container revolution has started a new paradigm shift in maritime industry worldwide. This new paradigm has become a major reason for seaport systems to prepare their physical capacity, space availability, multi-modalism, transport connectivity via regionalisation. However, in early 2010’s the introduction of industrial revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) which starts the era of immersive digitalization proved that seaport systems need to be prepared to face pattern of unstable magnitudes in dynamic maritime trade. Therefore, this paper analyses key components required for Malaysian seaport system to be aligned with the key requirements in IR4.0. By employing document analysis, this research analyses the challenges faced by Malaysian seaport system as well as suggests strategies to muddle through the key requirements of IR4.0. The findings from this research indicate that Malaysian seaport system need to be improved by enforcing skill-based education system, flexibility in labour structure, development in skill and competence level as well as improvement in infrastructure suitability. The findings from this research also reflect significant strategies to improve seaport system in the era of IR4.0 including enhancing requirements for intermodal terminals, improving preparation for seaport alliances, developing mechanism for interoperability, improving utilisation of intra and interregional economic development as well as scrutinising safety and security.

애플이 삼성을 상대로 특허침해소송을 제기함 에 따라 다양한 특허법적 이슈와 논쟁이 발생하였 다. 특히 미국 연방순회항소법원은 애플이 삼성을 상대로 신청한 임시적 금지명령 및 영구적 금지명 령 사건에서 연관성(nexus) 요건을 제시하면서 금지명령의 판단 요건을 강화하였는데, 기능이 다 수 포함된 제품의 일부분이 특허를 침해한 경우 침해된 특허사항과 특허권자의 판매 감소 또는 시 장점유율 상실과의 연관성이 있어야 금지명령의 판단 기준인 ‘회복할 수 없는 손해’ 요건이 충족된 것으로 볼 수 있다는 것이다. 이러한 연관성 요건 은 특허침해 소송에서의 손해배상액 산정에 관한 원칙인 기여분 할당 법리와 전시장가치법칙과도 연결되는데, 위와 같이 기존의 금지명령에 관한 판단 기준을 강화시킨 미국 법원의 태도 변화는 디자인특허 침해소송에서의 손해배상액 산정에도 영향을 미쳤고, 결국 2016년 12월 6일 미국 연방 대법원은 애플과 삼성의 디자인특허 침해소송에 서 기존의 입장과는 다르게 특허법 제289조의 ‘제조물품’에 제품 구성요소도 포함된다고 보아 제품 전체의 이익만이 아닌 해당 구성요소의 이익 을 기준으로 손해액을 산정할 수 있는 가능성을 열었다. 이처럼 미국 법원은 현 산업구조의 변화 등을 고려하여 종래 특허권자를 강력하게 보호하 던 입장을 바꾸어 침해자에게 과도한 손해배상액 을 부담시키는 것을 제한하는 방향으로 나아가고 있다. 우리나라에서는 제품의 일부분만이 특허를 침해하는 경우 기여도 법리에 따라 전체 제품 중 특허를 침해한 부분의 기여도를 고려하여 손해배 상액을 산정하는 것이 일반적인데, 최근 나타난 미국 판례에 대한 비교법적 연구를 통하여 좀 더 합리적인 손해배상액 산정 기준을 확립할 필요가 있다.

To investigate the nexus between urban population, gross capital formation, and economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, yearly data was collected from the World Bank for the period 1974- 2018. Basic statistics test and correlation matrix was used to investigate the causal effect among the tested parameters, followed by Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) stationary test, co-integration analysis by Johansen test after that Vector Auto-Correction Model for both short-run and long-run and finally the Granger-Causality tests. Result of unit root test analysis shows that the urban population became stationary at I (0) level while economic growth and gross capital formation became stationary at I (1). Johansen co-integration analysis indicates that there is presence of both long-run and short-run relationship between the three variables in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The result of the VECM Model reflects that both economic growth and gross capital formation have a negative impact on urban population in the short run. According to the Granger-Causality tests, there is unidirectional causality with the urban population by both gross capital formation and economic growth. Also, the result of the Granger Causality tests show that there is unidirectional causality between economic growth and gross capital formations.

The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between insurance and economic growth at aggregate and disaggregate level for the period 1982-2018. Very few studies have been carried out in this field, with contradictory results and using an aggregate data while, according to different authors, an aggregate data might provide spurious results. The author used Ordinary Least Squares Regressions (OLS) and Granger Causality tests to explore the strength and direction of the relationship between insurance and economic growth at an aggregate level. To check the relationship at disaggregate level life insurance, marine insurance, and property insurance are regressed on trade openness and investment, respectively. Non-life insurance at an aggregate level plays a positive and significant role in promoting economic growth, but life insurance has an insignificant impact on the Pakistan economy. On the other hand, non-life insurances at a disaggregated level such as marine insurance negatively affect a vital part of economic growth, i.e., trade. At the same time, property insurance has a significant and positive role in boosting investment. Life, marine, and property insurance Granger cause economic growth, trade, and investment in a single direction. Nevertheless, is a bi-directional relationship between economic growth and non-life insurance.

The aim of this study is to find out the time-series nexus of public debt and economic growth in Malaysia. For an upper-middle income country, Malaysia had experienced over 50% ratio of debt to GDP since 2009 until now. The question arises is whether this trend is healthy to the economy. With a focus into the debt-to-GDP ratio from 1970-2015, this study investigates the short-run and long-run relationship between public debt and economic growth in Malaysia. This study used secondary data by collecting time-series data (1970-2015) from the World Bank Data and Bank Negara Malaysia. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied in this study to examine the relationship between debt and economic growth. Based on ARDL framework, it shows that there is a long-run effect between the debt and economic growth in Malaysia. While the significance value of Error Correction Term shows that there is a long-run adjustment in the short run. Generally, this study found government expenditures, in the long run, strongly influence the GDP per capita. Through the findings, the government expenditures could increase the GDP per capita. The study also reveals that any increment of the debt ratio will result in reduction of the GDP per capita.

This study aims to find empirical evidence of causal relationship between strategy type, market orientation, strategic management accounting (SMA) strategic costing technique, and financial sector performance of private universities in Indonesia. The research object in this study are private universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Yogyakarta is chosen because universities there are one of the barometers of higher education in Indonesia, and the city has quite a number of universities. The respondents in this study are the leader (manager) of private universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data analysis is done using SEM-PLS with WarpPLS 3.0 software. The results of this study show that market orientation has significant influence on the development and implementation of SMA strategic costing technique, while strategy type does not have significant influence on the development and implementation of SMA strategic costing technique. This study also finds that the implementation of SMA strategic costing technique significantly influences the financial sector performance of private universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study provides theoretical implication regarding SMA development in universities that consider that contingency factors (market orientation) can encourage increased organizational performance. It indicates support for contingency theory that states there are no general principles that apply to all situations.

This study aims to examine the causality between production input and the price of rice in East Java, Indonesia. This study applied a quantitative method to understand in a comprehensive way the correlation between variables. The data used for this study were collected from several sources, including East Java Agriculture Office, Siskaperbapo.com, and Statistics Indonesia (BPS) of East Java. This research was carried out over five years, starting from 2014 to 2018. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) by employing E-Views (version 7). The findings of this study indicated that, in the long run, the population, rice production, and changes in people’s income have a positive effect on price stability, but are inversely proportional if seen in the short term. In comparison, in the long run, farmer exchange rates variable has a negative impact on price stability, and inversely proportional in the short term, which has a positive effect. There are different implications when the people’s income increases and the rice price declines; these have great potential to alleviate poverty in East Java, Indonesia. This is due to the fact that the price stability also concerns the welfare of the community.

This study wants to test the nexus among resource orientation, market orientation, social network, and knowledge sharing toward organizational innovation, and the nexus between organizational innovation and MSMEs performance. Questionnaires and interviews are conducted with some MSMEs actors in Central Java Province, Indonesia, in Klaten Regency and Pekalongan City. These two areas have creative MSMEs, especially Batik MSMEs that have been very large and known worldwide. The sampling technique is done purposively with certain criteria for the respondents. The data analysis technique is done using Partial Least Square. This study provides recommendations about strategic practice and policy (resource and market), social network, and knowledge sharing in increasing organizational innovation, and the impact of organizational innovation toward MSMEs performance. It also offers a comprehensive model of the determinant factor of organizational innovation by considering the aspect of strategic orientation, social network, and knowledge sharing. Other unique aspects that are also important to consider are social network and the importance of knowledge sharing in improving MSMEs Performance. The respondents are still limited in two areas, namely, Pekalongan and Klaten, so it still cannot represent the whole population. These areas also have different orientation of production process approach, namely, synthetic and natural dyes.

The study examines the nexus between financial development and economic growth in India during Q1: 1996 to Q3: 2018. This study employs time-series data of real GDP and ratio of broad money to GDP as a proxy for economic and financial development, respectively. The data are obtained from RBI database on the Indian economy. All variables are seasonally adjusted using X12-arima technique and expressed in natural logarithm form. Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) bound test has been used to check for cointegrating relationship of these two variables. Empirical findings suggest that, unlike in the short run, in the long run financial development does impact economic growth positively. Further, a symmetric effect of positive and negative components of financial development is found for the Indian economy, whereas the effect of control variable like exchange rate and trade openness is in consonance with common economic intuition. Exchange rate is in consonance with intuitive economic logic that a fall in exchange rate makes exports cheaper and increases the quantity of export, which improves the balance of payment and leads to a rise in aggregate demand, hence improves economic growth. This paper contributes to the existing li

Energy and energy consumption play an important role in strategies for socio-economic development of the country. In 1995, Vietnam officially entered the 500 kV North-South transmission power line exploits, with a full length of 1,487 km. The purpose of this study is to investigate the breakpoint and the transition effect of energy consumption to economic growth in Vietnam during the period of 1980-1994, and 1995-2016. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the Bounds test are used to test for the presence of cointegration, whereas the Toda and Yamamoto procedure Granger causality test is used for the direction of causality. The result of the Bounds test validates the existence of cointegration among the included variables. The empirical results provide evidence that energy consumption has a positive impact on the economic growth of Vietnam in the long run. The causality test shows that there is bi-directional causality between energy consumption and economic growth, supported feedback hypothesis. There is a breakpoint in 1995 and the contribution of energy consumption in economic growth in the period of 1995-2016 is lower than the stage 1980-1994. This study suggests Government authorities explore new sources of energy to achieve sustainable economic development in the long run.

This study intended to examine the relationship between inflation and unemployment rate in Indonesia during 1987 to 2018 period. The study applied a quantitative method using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) in order to comprehensively understand the causality between inflation and unemployment rates. The data were collected from various main sources including the World Bank, Central Bank of Indonesia, and Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The findings showed that inflation has a one-way relationship toward unemployment in Indonesia and it occurs at the third lag. Impulse Response Function (IRF), shows that the inflation rate are fluctuating in response to the shock of unemployment. The unemployment rate responses to shocks from inflation initially increased until it is eventually diminished. It shows that the shocks caused by the impact of inflation were only in the short term. Further, inflation in the three previous lags will have consequences for the unemployment rate in the year. Lastly, both in the long run and short run, unemployment did not affect inflation rates. These findings suggest that high inflation in Indonesia is determined the rising price of basic commodities and fuel. In addition, most companies in Indonesia applying capital intensive so that employment growth in Indonesia is small.

Present day, 1.1 billion people face the lack of water; 1.3 billion people cannot access modern energy and 1.02 billion people are still starving. Meanwhile, the number of human population keeps increasing and this will induce the water, energy, and food scarcity in the future even worse. Increasing the stock or finding new alternative resources of water, energy and food individually is the most practical way to avoid the scarcity. Behind this improvement, it must be realized that these resources are connected each other. Water needs energy to be treated and distributed; in opposite way energy production requires water for cooling system or as the sources in hydropower plant. Food is in needed water and energy for growing, producing and delivering. Food can also become new energy source from biofuel but the food intensification will deteriorate water quality. Therefore, the integrated development and management, known as Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus, is needed to reach the balance and optimal development. Fulfilling the human need faces another challenge when the climate change influences the availability of these resources. Many researchers report that climate change causes increase in the earth temperature alters the rainfall pattern and magnitude which affect the safe water availability. Further, it can affect the food and energy production. Taking an inappropriate use of water, energy and food will threaten the amount of resources itself. As it is a complex and complicated interconnection, it is difficult to determine the appropriate uses solely based on human judgment. Many researchers have developed computer models to simulate the correlation between each element and aid the decision maker. Due to its complexity, most of models only focus on one or two elements such as water-energy or water-food and put other element as the secondary parameter. This study provides overview of the WEF Nexus and inter-connections among the three elements. Furthermore, we will envision a development of an evaluation model that can simulate and optimize the use of water, energy and food efficiently under the climate change condition. If succeed, this model could be a decision support system for government or stakeholder to implement a regulation related to efficient use of water, energy and food.