Background: When shorter muscles are restored to normal, non-specific low back pain, which is the mechanism that causes pain along with muscle relaxation, disappears. Among the stretching methods, self-stretching is a good exercise method not only for treatment but also for preventive purposes. Objectives: To find out what is the most effective method of self-stretching, which is often used in treatment and preventive arbitration, which can reduce muscle activity and increase spinal flexibility in patients with non-specific back pain. Design: Randomized controlled trials. Methods: Three self-stretching exercise methods for erector spinae are randomly assigned to 13 people each, and three self-stretching exercise methods are performed for each study subject. Surface electromyography using, was performed to measure the erector spinae muscle activity. flexibility was measured through Trunk flexion test in a standing position. Muscle activity and flexibility were measured before and after stretching. Results: The difference in muscle activity and flexibility in the three groups, including cat stretching, seated stretching, and Reclining stretching, all showed statistically significant differences. There was no statistically significant difference in comparison between the three groups of stretch muscle activity. However, a statistically significant difference was shown in the comparison of the variability between the three groups of flexibility. In a post-mortem analysis comparing the amount of change in flexibility, the flexibility of the seated stretching in the chair increased significantly compared to the cat stretching group. Conclusion: It can be confirmed that the stretching method of the erector spinae, cat stretching, seated stretching, and Reclining stretching, all have positive effects on muscle activity and flexibility.

본 연구의 목적은 비대면 온라인 강의를 경험한 간호대학생의 수업 만족도, 자기효능감, 비판 적 사고의 관계를 확인하고, 비판적 사고에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 서술적 연구이다. 연구 대상자 는 G시 소재 간호대학생 191명으로 자료수집은 2022년 5월 2일부터 5월 31일까지 진행되었다. 수집된 자료는 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA 및 Scheffe‘ test로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 비판적 사고는 수업 만족도 (r=.20, p=.005), 자기효능감(r=.61, p<.001)과 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 간호대학생의 비 판적 사고에 영향을 미치는 요인은 자기효능감(β=.66, p<.001), 전공에 대한 흥미도 중 매우 흥미 있는 경우(β=.41, p<.001), 수업 만족도(β=-.31, p<.001), 3학년(β=.26, p<.001), 전공에 대한 흥미도 중 흥 미 있는 경우(β=.21, p=.029), 2학년(β=.16, p<.001)순으로 나타났으며, 60.1%를 설명하였다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 간호대학생의 비판적 사고 증진을 위해 전공에 대한 흥미도, 학년별로 개별적인 상담과 지도가 필요하며 자기효능감과 수업 만족도를 향상할 수 있는 다양한 프로그램을 개발하여 시행하는 것 이 필요하다.

Titinium carbide (TiCx) was produced by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) method. The morphology and non-stoichiometric number of the SHS product were observed by scanning electron microscopy and neutron diffractometry, respectively. Tubular titanium carbide with hole inside was formed with different non-stoichiometric number (x), which value increased with combustion temperature.