뎅기열, 황열, 지카 바이러스의 주요 매개체인 이집트숲모기(Aedes aegypti)는 현재까지 대한민국에서 공식적으로 기록된 바 없다. 그러나, 여 러 전 지구적 종 분포 분석 연구들은 세계생물다양성정보기구(GBIF)의 발생 기록을 근거로 한국 내 서식 가능성을 시사해 왔다. 본 연구에서 세계 생물다양성정보기구(GBIF)를 조사한 결과, 한국에 대한 발생 기록은 단 한 건이었으며, 이는 채집 메타데이터가 검증되지 않은 2015년 전 지구적 데이터셋에서 유래한 것으로 확인되었다. 이에 본 연구는 검증되지 않은 한국 측 기록을 제외하고, 아시아 열대 및 아열대 지역(14°S–39°N, 90°E –160°E)의 발생 기록만을 활용하여 최대 엔트로피(MaxEnt) 모델을 구축하였으며, 현재 및 미래 기후 조건하에서의 서식 적합성을 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 현재의 최대 서식 적합도는 0.157로 나타났으며, 전반적으로 낮은 서식 적합성을 보였다. SSP5-8.5 시나리오에 따른 2061~2080년 전 망에서는 최대 적합도가 0.45까지 상승하였으나, 여전히 정착 가능성은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 추운 겨울 기온이 이들의 정착을 가로막는 결정적인 장벽인 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 데이터 정제 과정을 거치지 않은 결과들과 차이가 있으며, 이는 외래종 유입 위험 평가 시 발생 기록의 신 뢰성 검증이 결과에 중대한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study examine differences in consumers’ knowledge of environmentally sustainable materials based on prior purchase experience with eco-friendly fashion products. Furthermore, it explores how this experience relates to variations in attitudes toward eco-friendly products, subjective norms, and purchase intention. For this study, an online survey was conducted using quota sampling based on gender and age group (20, 30, 40s). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests. Among the respondents, 221 had prior experience purchasing eco-friendly fashion products (i.e., purchasers), while 192 did not (i.e., non-purchasers). In results, purchasers demonstrated significantly greater awareness that products made from organic cashmere, organic hemp, recycled polyester, recycled nylon, recycled cotton, alternative leather, alternative fur, zero-waste materials, and biodegradable materials qualify as environmentally friendly. However, organic cotton was widely recognized as environmentally friendly by both groups, resulting in no significant difference in purchase intention for this material. Additionally, purchasers prioritized material composition, production methods, and environmental impact more than non-purchasers when deciding to purchase eco-friendly. Purchasers also exhibited more favorable attitudes, higher subjective norms, and stronger purchase intentions toward eco-friendly fashion products than did non-purchasers. These findings offer valuable insights for developing targeted educational and marketing strategies for eco-friendly fashion products, tailored to consumers’ varying levels of purchase experience and environmental awareness.

Salvia plebeia R. Brown is a medicinal plant containing various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, and has been reported to exhibit diverse pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. However, previous studies on S. plebeia have mainly focused on phytochemical identification and pharmacological evaluation, while biotechnological approaches aimed at enhancing the productivity of major bioactive compounds—particularly metabolic regulation and content improvement through elicitor treatment in in vitro culture systems—remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of elicitor treatments on the accumulation of homoplantaginin, a major bioactive compound in the leaves of in vitro–cultured S. plebeia, as well as the associated changes in anti-inflammatory activity. In vitro–grown plantlets were treated with yeast extract at concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 mg/L and polyethylene glycol (PEG) at concentrations of 1, 2, and 5% (w/v), respectively. Homoplantaginin content was quantitatively analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. As a result, the homoplantaginin content was significantly increased in the treatment with 2 mg/L yeast extract compared to the control, while the highest NO inhibition activity was observed in the 5% PEG treatment. These findings suggest that elicitor treatment can effectively enhance the production of bioactive compounds and anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro–cultured S. plebeian. Furthermore, this study provides fundamental data supporting the potential industrial application of S. plebeia through further elucidation of metabolic pathways and optimization of culture conditions.

Background: In the South Korean private insurance sector, manual therapy faces increasing scrutiny, necessitating objective evidence for continued reimbursement. Traditional measurements often lack reproducibility or clinical practicality. Objectives: This study evaluated the feasibility of belt-stabilized hand-held dynamometry (HHD) as an objective tool for documenting strength changes and informing insurance coverage decisions. Design: A two-case clinical report. Methods: Two adult males undergoing post-operative knee rehabilitation with manual therapy were included: (1) ACL reconstruction with medial meniscus injury and (2) ORIF after knee trauma. With participants seated at the table edge and the trunk stabilized by gripping the table, knee flexion was set at 95°. Belt-stabilized HHD was used to measure isometric knee extension and flexion (three trials; maximum value recorded in N). A single examiner (>15 years’ experience) used a standardized protocol across sessions. Results: Case 1 improved from 44% (extension) and 42% (flexion) limb symmetry to 71.4% and 69.6% by session 20, supporting continued care and reimbursement after 30 sessions. Case 2 showed 60.2% extension symmetry at session 20, but subsequent reassessments lacked consistent improvement, contributing to discontinuation. Conclusion: Belt-stabilized HHD may provide a practical, low-cost method to quantify strength changes and support transparent clinician–patient–insurer communication; larger prospective studies are needed.

Background: Real-time ergonomic risk assessment in manufacturing environments is challenged by severe class imbalance in high-risk postures and the need for deployment-efficient models. Conventional oversampling techniques may violate biomechanical constraints, limiting their suitability for human motion data. Objectives: This study aimed to compare multiple machine learning models for real-time ergonomic risk assessment while addressing data imbalance using biomechanically appropriate learning strategies and evaluating both predictive performance and deployment efficiency. Design: Comparative study. Methods: A large-scale workplace safety dataset comprising image-based skeletal keypoints was analyzed. To mitigate class imbalance without generating biomechanically implausible samples, cost-sensitive learning and focal loss were employed instead of synthetic oversampling. Subject-wise data splitting was applied to prevent data leakage. Five model families, including Random Forest, convolutional neural networks, and a lightweight graphbased network, were evaluated using accuracy, F1-score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and high-risk recall. Statistical significance was assessed using bootstrap confidence intervals and McNemar and DeLong tests. Results: The lightweight graph-based model demonstrated competitive classification performance while maintaining reduced computational complexity. Although none of the models achieved the predefined high-risk recall threshold, statistically significant performance differences were observed across model families. Conclusion: The findings suggest that biomechanically informed imbalance handling improves methodological validity in ergonomic risk assessment. While deployment feasibility appears promising, further empirical validation on edge hardware is required.

The high theoretical capacity of transition metal-based compounds makes them promising candidates for lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. Among them, iron selenide (FeSe2) has attracted considerable interest because of its excellent electrical conductivity and superior lithium storage capacity. However, pristine FeSe2 suffers from rapid capacity fading and structural instability during repeated cycling. Thus, this study used a facile solvothermal method to synthesize a FeSe2@rGO composite with enhanced structural integrity and electrical conductivity. By incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO), the composite demonstrated improved charge transfer kinetics and mechanical robustness. Morphological and structural characterizations were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses (XPS), which confirmed the successful formation of the composite and its uniform distribution. Electrochemical properties were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge, long-term cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The optimized FeSe2@rGO electrode delivered a high reversible capacity of 971.95 mAhg-1 at 500 mAg-1 after 350 cycles. The underlying charge storage mechanism was investigated using scan rate-dependent CV, which revealed a dominant capacitivecontrolled contribution at higher scan rates. The study findings indicate that the FeSe2@rGO composite can serve as a high-performance anode material with excellent cycling stability and rate capability, providing a viable strategy for the development of advanced LIBs.

This study identifies the crystalline defects commonly observed in conventional yttria ceramics, and proposes a processing route to produce highly densified yttria without the use of sintering aids. The primary objective is to obtain a dense yttria monolith with optimized microstructure and enhanced functional properties. The sintering behavior, mechanical performance, and plasma etching resistance of the yttria specimens were systematically analyzed as a function of the initial powder characteristics. A three-step sintering protocol was employed to suppress abnormal grain growth, yielding fully densified ceramics with uniform and controlled grain size distribution. Calcination of the yttria powder at 1,250 °C for 48 h effectively eliminated oxygen deficiencies and minimized hydration effects. The duration and temperature of each sintering stage significantly influenced grain evolution, which was reflected in the variations in Vickers hardness, Young’s modulus, and fracture toughness (KIC). The resulting yttria ceramics exhibited superior plasma resistance compared with Al2O3, ZrO2, quartz, and Si wafer, demonstrating markedly reduced weight loss during plasma etching. These findings highlight the critical role of proper initial powder treatment and precisely controlled sintering kinetics for achieving yttria monoliths with enhanced densification, mechanical integrity, and plasma erosion resistance. This work provides a practical route for high performance yttria ceramics, offering enhanced densification, structural stability, and the reliability necessary for integration into advanced systems exposed to harsh plasma environments.

This study evaluated the whitening effects of flavonoids extracted from Petasites japonicus root (PJR) using in vitro and cell-based assays to assess their cytoprotective, enzyme-inhibitory, and melanogenesis-suppressive activities. PJR flavonoids (30~60 μg/mL) showed no cytotoxicity and slightly enhanced cell proliferation at 40 μg/mL. Sodium nitroprusside (0.3 mM) decreased cell viability to 31%, whereas PJR restored it to 68.3%. PJR exhibited dose-dependent α-glucosidase inhibition (20.3~63.2%), indicating its potential to modulate skin glycation and pigmentation. In the malondialdehyde inhibition assay, PJR reduced lipid peroxidation by 35~60%, further supporting its antioxidative capacity. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation was suppressed by up to 68.9%, indicating reduced formation of the melanin precursor. The tyrosinase activity decreased from 145% to 86.9% and melanin synthesis was reduced from 105% to 66.9% in a concentration-dependent manner, showing a whitening efficacy comparable to that of arbutin. Overall, these findings indicate that PJR flavonoids possess antioxidative, antiglycation, and antimelanogenic properties and offer strong potential as safe multifunctional ingredients for functional cosmetic and food applications.

The primary purpose of this study is to critically examine ethical challenges arising from integrating AI into language education. While tools such as large language models, machine translation, automated writing feedback, and speech recognition offer gains in personalization, language development, and efficiency, their rapid adoption raises several ethical concerns. Six challenges are discussed: data privacy and security, academic integrity, overreliance on AI, algorithmic bias, and widening educational divides tied to access and digital literacy. Drawing on recent empirical findings and theoretical insights, this paper also underscores risks such as the erosion of critical thinking, challenges to academic honesty, exclusion of diverse linguistic identities, and exacerbation of inequities. To address these challenges, the study proposes a multi-faceted framework comprising robust data protection, bias-aware language practice, human-AI collaboration, process-oriented instruction, and teacher training. These measures aim to foster a responsible and ethical approach to AI use, ensuring that AI supports equitable, inclusive, and effective language learning and teaching while preserving the inherently social and humanistic nature of language education.

The Crassulaceae family displays extensive morphological diversity and complex evolutionary trajectories across its constituent genera. These attributes significantly challenge the reconstruction of intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships. While chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers are widely used for phylogenetic analyses, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) remains underutilized, despite its demonstrable potential as a taxonomic marker. Sequence variation in the mitochondrial nad7 intron was analyzed across six species representing two genera (Phedimus and Sedum) native to Korea. The objective was to assess genetic diversity and determine whether the nad7 intron could effectively augment existing chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers as a taxonomic tool. Target amplicon length spanned 974 to 998 base pairs (bp). Multiple sequence alignment of the six Crassulaceae species from Phedimus and Sedum identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (INDELs), and dinucleotide polymorphisms, interspersed with conserved nad7 intron regions. Interestingly, an INDEL at positions 189–192 exhibited a diagnostic genus-level pattern, facilitating the unambiguous separation of Phedimus and Sedum. This outcome is consistent with established morphological and chloroplast DNA–based classifications. Collectively, these findings validate the mitochondrial nad7 intron as a promising supplementary molecular marker for taxonomic classification and genetic resource conservation within Crassulaceae.

The Republic of Korea Armed Forces are implementing various scientific training systems to prepare for future warfare and are seeking advanced integration with AI - driven scientific military innovation. This study proposes the Synthetic Training Environment (STE) as a future-oriented model designed to overcome current limitations in military training. STE provides the foundation for evolving into an integrated, combined arms training system. In addition, the study introduces a data integration framework based on the Defense Training Management System (DTMS). This framework aims to standardize and unify training data across service branches, thereby enabling effective AI interoperability. Future tasks include real-time integration of synthetic and live training, 24/7 data access via the Metaverse, and the establishment of a cyclic system of learning, operation, and evolution. To that end, this research ultimately proposes the CJDSW-MST model - a comprehensive framework linking STE, DTMS, and unmanned combat systems for future-ready, intelligent military training.

Camellia japonica L. is highly valued for its ornamental and industrial applications. However, existing limitations in conventional seed and cutting propagation necessitate the development of a stable and efficient mass propagation system. This study systemically optimized each critical stage of in vitro culture—including shoot and root development, multiple shoot induction, rooting, and acclimatization —and quantitatively assessed the overall efficiency using integrated indices. Shoot growth was most vigorous on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) without the addition of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), while root development was notably promoted by Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with IBA. The highest number of multiple shoots was produced using basal explants cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ), yielding an average of 2.67 shoots per explant. Optimal root induction was observed following a 15-min pulse treatment with 500 mg/L IBA (producing 24,33 roots), whereas the root elongation was maximized by a 5-min treatment with 1000 mg/L IBA (2.10 cm). Acclimatization successfully resulted in 100% survival in both tested substrates (A: peat moss, perlite, and cocopeat mixed in a 3:1:1 ratio; B: peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite mixed in a 1:1:1 ratio), with substrate B promoting a greater increase in plant height. Normalized growth parameters were averaged to calculate the Camellia Micropropagation Index (CMI). Integrated analysis identified the most efficient treatments as: WPM without IBA (shoot growth), MS with IBA (root growth), MS + 0.5 mg/L TDZ with basal explants (multiple shoots), 1000 mg/L IBA for 5 min (rooting), and substrate B (acclimatization). Despite these optimal conditions, considerable variation within treatments suggests that further fine-tuning or long-term evaluation is necessary to improve reliability. These findings provide a robust guideline for establishing a successful in vitro mass micropropagation system for C. japonica.

본 연구는 동적 조영증강 MRI 검사 시 조영제의 특성에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고, 이를 통해 신호강도가 최대인 농도 구간을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법은 MRI 조영제를 단계적으로 희석한 팬텀을 제작한 다음 영상을 획득하 여, 가돌리늄의 몰 농도에 따른 영상의 신호강도가 어떻게 변화하는지 비교평가 하였다. 연구결과 영상의 신호강도 는, 1000mmol(7.30±0.77) 부터 300mmol(7.39±0.49)까지 평형을 이룬 후 200mmol(26.21±0.33)까지 완만 히 증가하였고 100mmol(140.58±1.52) 부터 급격히 증가하여 20mmol(456.72±1.37)에서 최고치에 이른 다음, 0.0125mmol(17.28±0.79)까지 급격히 감소하였다. 결론적으로 동적 조영증강 MRI에서 가돌리늄 농도가 약 20 mmol 부근으로 희석되는 구간이 신호강도가 최대가 되는 상대적 기준점임을 확인하였으며, 이는 향후 환자 별 혈류 역학을 고려한 개별화된 영상획득 타이밍 최적화 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 중국에서 지방 정부 디지털화가 중국 지방정부의 보조금 배분에 미치는 영향을 체계적 으로 분석하고, 기업 수준의 디지털 전환과의 상호작용 효과 및 발전 단계별 시간적 역학을 규명한 다. 2011년부터 2023년까지 중국 A주 상장기업의 21,742개 기업-연도 자료를 활용하여 패널 데 이터 분석을 수행하였다. 정부 디지털화는 주성분분석을 활용한 종합지수로 측정하였으며, 기업 디 지털화는 연차보고서 텍스트 마이닝을 통해 정량화하였다. 분석 결과, 지방 정부의 디지털화는 보 조금 규모를 직접적으로 확대하기보다는, 기업의 디지털 전환 수준과 상호보완적으로 작용하여 디 지털 역량이 높은 기업에 보조금이 더 효율적으로 배분되도록 하는 방식으로 작동하였다. 시기별 분석에서는 임계치 효과가 나타나, 기초 단계에서는 미약한 효과, 발전 단계에서는 유의하지 않은 효과, 심화 단계에서는 뚜렷한 긍정적 효과가 확인되었다. 또한 이질성 분석에서는 디지털 균등화 효과가 나타나, 국유기업 선호나 대기업 우위와 같은 전통적 제도적 이점은 약화된 반면, 하이테크 기업은 전통 산업보다 정부 디지털화의 혜택을 더 크게 누리는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 디지털 정부와 기업 간 상호작용의 새로운 실증적 근거를 제시하며, 시너지 효과와 제도적 균등화 효과를 규명함으로써 기존의 이론적 예상을 재검토한다. 이를 통해 자원의존이론과 제도이론을 디지털 시 대의 맥락 속에서 확장하는 데 기여한다.

This study developed a patient-specific cardiac motion-based virtual reality cardiovascular intervention simulator for training purposes. Personalized 3D cardiac models were generated from medical images using AI-based nnU-Net segmentation, and ECG-synchronized motion was integrated to reproduce physiological cardiac cycles through P-QRS-T waveform analysis. In particular, this study went beyond simple simulation by designing and implementing serious game elements including difficulty adjustment by user skill level, real-time haptic feedback, and a quantitative scoring system to maximize educational effectiveness. Real-time stent insertion was implemented at performance exceeding 60fps through the Extended Position-Based Dynamics (XPBD) algorithm. Experimental results showed that the segmentation model achieved high accuracy with an average Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) above 0.90, and the dynamic model demonstrated biomechanical behavior similar to clinical data, showing 12.3% coronary artery diameter change and 3.2mm positional displacement during the cardiac cycle.