먹노린재 합성집합페로몬 후보물질 12종에 대한 유인력을 평가하였다. 페로몬 방출기는 4구 후각계 (Olfacomter)를 사용하였고 4개의 진공관에 각각 후보물질을 투입 후 진공 유압 방식으로 방출하여 포집기에 유인되는 먹노린재의 개채수를 측정하는 방법으로 검정하였다. 4구 후각계 페로몬 평가 방법은 기존 Y-관 후각 계의 문제점인 양방향 선택성과 공간 한정성을 개선하여 평가의 정확성을 향상시켰다. 유인력 평가 결과 12종의 유인제 후보물질 중 Trans-2-Decenal이 먹노린재 실험개체에 대하여 100% 유인력을 보였다. 또한, 선별된 Trans-2-Decenal의 먹노린재 유인력에 대한 유효농도 시험을 진행 한 결과, 50%의 농도에서 유인력이 가장 높았 다. 본 연구를 통해서 선별된 Trans-2 Decenal은 기존의 노린재과에 대한 페로몬 트랩에 비해 먹노린재에 대한 유인 효과가 높을 것으로 사료되었다. 이에 따라, Trans-2 Decenal을 기반으로 한 페로몬 트랩이 상용화된다면 추후의 먹노린재 방제 효과가 높아질 것으로 기대된다.

The air dilution olfactory method to measure complex odors needs to store and carry odor samples from the field sampling until the analysis in laboratories. Until the analysis of sample in the laboratory, odor dilution factor (odor sensitivity) in the sample bag may decrease over time depending on the characteristics of each odor substances. This is one of the limitation for the air dilution olfactory method. Thus, the air dilution device enable to measure without loss in complex odors of samples. Recently, many studies on the performance test of on-site air dilution devices, i.e., field olfactometer, has been conducted to figure out the feasibility of the field olfactometers. In this study, seven odor samples were collected from five odor emission source sites. And comparative analysis with the air dilution olfactory method was carried out to assess the field applicability of the olfactometer. As results, the performance of the field olfactometer used in this study is regared as the affordable method. The dilution factors from between two methods showed the similar values, indicating low values of standard deviations. In order to ensure the accuracy and precision of measurement data using the field olfactometer, methodology minimized variables (that may affect measurement) needs to establish.

This study investigated the odor dilution rate at 15 locations around three schools in Seoul using an onsite olfactometer. In addition, odor intensity, odor quality, and hedonic tone by direct sensory method were measured along with measurement of the field odor dilution rate, and instrument analysis using odor sensor array and TD-GC was also measured. Onsite olfactometer measurements show that only one of the three schools measured odors exceeding the strict emission acceptance standard of 10 at three points. The average odor intensity at each point measured by the direct sensory method of five persons was in the range of 2.7 to 0.3. The difference in the number of odor dilution rates around schools in Seoul could be related to the level of income by region. The odor environment around each school was judged to be well managed in areas with higher income levels, indicating a lower odor dilution rate. The correlation coeffcient between the odor intensity measured by the direct sensory method and the onsite olfactometer was 0.79, indicating high correlation. The correlation coefficient of sensor array and TD-GC toward the odor intensity was -0.28 and 0.02, respectively. This suggests that a method based on a person's sense of smell should be introduced when measuring low-level odor dilution rates in non-industrial areas, such as school zones.

We evaluated three previously known repellents of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), i.e., carvacrol, cis-jasmone, and methyl jasmonate for the attraction of commercialized predators, Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and native predator, O. minutus (L.), in Y-tube olfactometer. Higher proportion of O. laevigatus (mated unfed adult females) moved to the arm of methyl jasmonate or cis-jasmone than the arm of clean air. However, O. minutus did not show any significant preference to the chemicals tested. These results suggest that, among the tested chemicals, methyl jasmonate or cis-jasmone would be a good attractant for O. laevigatus.

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an important pest of horticultural and agricultural crops worldwide. The repeated use of chemical insecticides resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. We evaluated response of F. occidentalis to three synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), methyl salicylate, methyl anthranilate, and nonanal known as attractants of thrips’ natural enemy, in Y-tube olfactometer. Mated fed adult females of F. occidentalis showed lowest response rate to methyl salicylate than methyl anthranilate, and nonanal. These results show that methyl salicylate may act as repellent to F. occidentalis, and can be used as a component of push-pull strategies for the management of F. occidentalis.

Orius spp. (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) prey on small arthropods such as aphids, thrips, whitefly, and mites both in greenhouse and field. Use of chemical attractants to natural enemies can improve the efficacy of biological control through push-pull strategy. We compared attractiveness of three synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), i.e., nonanal, methyl anthranilate, and methyl salicylate for thrips natural enemies, O. laevigatus (Fieber) and O. minutus (L.), in Y-tube olfactometer. Mated unfed adult females of O. laevigatus showed higher choice rate to methyl anthranilate or methyl salicylate than nonanal. Orius minutus showed higher choice rate to methyl anthranilate than methyl salicylate or nonanal. These results suggest that, among the three HIPVs, methyl anthranilate can be used for the attractant of both O. laevigatus and O. minutus.

알락수염노린재의 주요 페로몬 성분을 찾기 위하여 알락수염노린재 헥산추출물에 대하여 GC-MS 및 GC-EAD 반응을 분석하였고, GC-EAD에 반응한 물질에 대하여 Y-tube Olfactometer로 알락수염노린재의 유인반응을 조사하였다. 알락수염노린재의 주요 헥산추출물은 (E)-2-hexenal, 4-Oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, (E)-2-octenal, n-undecane, n-dodecane, (E)-2- decenal, n-tridecane, (E) and (Z)-2-decenyl acetate, pentadecane, tetradecyl isobutanoate, (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester 및 기타 미동정 물질 등이 다수 존재하였다. 특히 암컷 알락수염노린재에는 수컷 노린재에는 없는 E-5-decenyl acetate의 함량이 매우 많았다. 알락수염노린재 헥산추출물에 대한 알락수염노린재 암․수의 안테나 반응은 retention times 4.1～ 4.2(retention index 850～860 : E-2-hexenal), 4.7 부근(retention index 960 : 4-oxo-E-2-hexenal)과 6.8 부근(retention index 1290～1305 : Tridecane)의 화합물에 대해 암․수 모두 동일한 안테나 반응을 보였다. 알락수염노린재에 대한 Y-tube Ocfactometer 시험에서 알락수염노린재의 최초 이동방향이 수컷은 E-2-decenal(100%), E,E,Z-2,4,6-decatrienoate(80%), n-tridecane (70%) 및 E-2-hexenal(60%) 순이었고, 암컷은 n-tridecane(80%), 4-oxo-E-2-hexenal (60%), E-2-decenyl acetate(60%), Z-2-decenyl acetate(60%), E,E,Z-2,4,6-decatrienoate (60%) 등의 순이었다. 특히 Tridecane과 갈색날개노린재 집합페로몬인 E,E,Z-2,4,6-decatrienoate는 알락수염노린재 암․수 모두에서 높은 유인효과를 나타내었다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the dilution accuracy of the dynamic olfactometer made in Republic of Korea and analyze the correlation of odor levels from the olfactometry method and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). The evaluation of dilution accuracy using CH₄ standard gas for the dynamic olfactometer at lower dilution ratios of 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300, and at higher dilution ratios of 100, 300, 1000, 3000 and 10000 showed the relative errors of 1.48~3.40% and 2.06~4.76% respectively showing a good dilution accuracy. Twenty odor samples from the stacks of odor-monitoring factories in the industrial complex located at the western coastal area of ROK were analyzed with the dynamic olfactometer for complex odor and LC/MS for five types of aldehydes, and a very weak correlation of R² = 0.1276 between OU(Odor Unit) from the olfactometer data and SOQ (Summation of Odor Quotient) from LCjMS data was obtained. Because of the complexity of the odor composition, using concentration of single or group of gases to represent odor level has not been proved to fully estimate the presence or level of odors. Therefore, the dynamic olfactometry which has a good dilution accuracy and a standardized odor evaluation system is considered as a very resonable method to assess complex odor.