PURPOSES : This study aimed to explore crowding impedance for high-risk travelers on various modes of public transit during the COVID-19 pandemic and develop a transport policy to encourage the proper use of public transport. METHODS : A stated preference survey was conducted to investigate the behaviors of travelers on various modes of public transit, with special emphasis on crowding inside vehicles. Multinomial logit-based modeling was used to estimate the explanatory variables identified as parameters based on the surveyed data. A crowding multiplier was adopted to represent the behavioral differences for the high-risk travelers on various modes of public transit. RESULTS : The established model was solved using the ‘mlogit’ R package program to estimate the identified parameters. The results demonstrated significant behavioral difference for the high-risk travelers on public transit during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed crowding multiplier successfully captured the reduced likelihood of high-risk travelers to be sensitive to crowding on the subway; furthermore, it revealed that non-crowding travelers on the subway are less sensitive to crowding than bus travelers. CONCLUSIONS : This study estimated crowding impedance for high-risk travelers on various modes of public transit during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggested an appropriate transport policy for those travelers.

자율주행 5단계(mind-off)에서는 운전에서 해방된 탑승자가 차량 내에서 대면 대화, 업무, 휴식, 영화 감상 등의 다양한 활동이 될 것으로 예상된다. 특히 자동차 실내 공간의 다양한 변화가 예상된다. 또한 미국자동차협회(American Automobile Association)가 시행한 조사에서 73%가 자율주행 자동차에 탑승하는 것이 두렵다고 응답하였고, 자율주행 5단계에서는 안전의 주체가 자율주행자동차로 이양이 예상되므로 사용자 경험 관점에서 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 최근 완전자율주행자동차의 안전성 확보에 관한 다양한 연구가 이뤄지고 있으나 실제 탑승자의 심리적 안전성 확보 관점에서의 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 AHP 분석 기법에 기반하여 설문조사를 진행하였다. 그 결과 각 실내 행위 유형에 따라 탑승자의 심리적 안전성 확보를 위한 자동차 안전장치의 우선순위를 도출하였고 도출된 결과를 기반으로 탑승자의 심리적 안전성을 확보를 위한 실내 공간을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 탑승자의 심리적 안전성을 충족하는 실내공간 설계를 위한 방향성을 제시한 것에 의의가 있으며, 이를 바탕으로 사용자의 심리적 안전성 확보를 위한 완전 자율주행 자동차 실내 환경 조성이 이루어질 것으로 기대한다.

Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), this study simulated the air supply and exhaust conditions inside KTXSancheon train cabin to analyze the airflow, velocity, temperature, and residence time distributions. Based on the analyzed airflow in the cabin, the trajectory properties of droplets with various diameters exhaled from a passenger in a specific seat were analyzed. In the train cabin, forced airflow was formed by the operation of an air conditioning unit, while air stagnation occurred through spinning vortices at the front and rear where there were no floor outlets. Droplet particles ≤36 μm in diameter were dispersed throughout the cabin following the airflow generated by the air conditioning unit. The degree of dispersion differed according to the passenger seat location. In addition, the expelled droplets were mostly deposited on the surfaces of passenger bodies, seats, and floor. The ratio of deposited droplets to suspended droplets was increased with increasing droplet size. Further, the CFD study allowed the prediction of the possibility of exposure to exhaled droplets by estimating the dispersion and deposition properties of droplets released from a passenger in a specific seat. This study can be utilized to adjust the operation of air conditioning units and encourage the installation of air-purifying units to minimize secondary infections.

이 논문은 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호와 관련된 임시승선자의 연혁과 현황을 살펴보고, 외국의 입법례를 참고하여 개선방안을 제시한 것이다. 이 논문의 주요내용을 간략히 정리하자면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호에 대한 유권해석으로 인해 종래 화물차량과 함께 임시승선자로 승선하였던 운전자가 12명까지만 여객으로 승선하고 나머지 화물차량 운전자는 항공기 등 다른 교통수단으로 이동해야 함으로써 원활한 화물운송이 곤란할 뿐만 아니라 과도한 비용과 불편이 초래되고 있다. 그런데 로로화물선의 경우 선원과 동승하여 생활하는 선원의 가족이나 선박소유자 등은 임시승선자로 인정하더라도 승선인원의 안전과 선박의 안전운항에 문제가 없다고 하면서도, 화물관리인은 임시승선자로 인정하지 않는 것은 형평성에도 어긋날 뿐만 아니라 논리적 모순이 있다. 둘째, SOLAS 협약이나 유럽연합 규정 등에서 여객이나 선원과 구분되는 ‘기타의 자’가 일본의 선박안전법시행규칙 세칙에서 ‘기타 승선자’로 변형되면서 범위가 확대되었으며, 더 나아가 우리나라의 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조에서 ‘임시승선자’로 변형되면서 그 범위가 한층 더 확대되었다. 셋째, 해양수산부장관의 유권해석과 부산지방법원의 판결은 문리해석, 논리적․체계적 해석, 주관적․역사적 해석, 객관적․목적론적 해석 등과 같은 전통적 해석방법론뿐만 아니라 오늘날 일반적으로 통용되는 해석방법론에도 부합하지 않기 때문에 근거가 부족하고 설득력이 없는 것으로 보인다. 전통적 해석방법론이나 오늘날 일반적으로 통용되는 해석방법론에 따르면 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호는 여객선뿐만 아니라 화물선에도 적용될 수 있다. 넷째, 해석론을 통한 개선방안으로도 업계의 요구나 현실적인 필요에 대부분 대응할 수 있지만, 불필요한 논쟁과 송사를 피하기 위해서는 법률개정을 통한 입법론으로 개선방안을 마련하는 것이 더 바람직하다. 따라서 우리나라에서 운송되는 화물의 특수성이나 선박운항의 특수성 및 물류시스템의 현황을 반영하고, 자의적인 해석이 아니라 일반인의 상식적 판단에 따른 객관적 기준을 제시하기 위해서는 선박안전법시행규칙 제5조 제9호는 “화물의 특성상 특별한 관리가 필요한 농산물·수산물 운송차량, 가축운송차량 및 폭발성·인화성 물질 운송차량의 화물관리인(운전자는 화물관리인을 겸할 수 있다)”으로 개정하여야 한다.

Create, develop, maintain and nurturing the passengers-airline relationships is crucial in a very competitive market in Europe. Relationship quality and behavioural intentions to fly again in the same airline carrier and recommend to others are core outcomes which may result from a favourable travel experience over time. However, the complexity and the multidimensional phenomenon lead us to develop a holistic framework, which posits that relationship quality and behavioural intentions do not depend on individual air-flight attributes and other individual demographicpsychological variables but on specific configurations of such attributes and variables. Thus, the framework of this study is investigated using qualitative comparative analysis and a sample of 304 passengers. Accordingly, the property space consists of all combinations of binary states, that is, presence or absence, of the 7 in-flight attributes (air quality, temperature, odour, noise, crew, layout and equipment/amenities), frequency of fly in an airline carrier, the type of airline carrier and demographic-psychological variables (age, gender, mindful) (that is, 212 combinations or configurations). Data from both Portuguese and non-Portuguese passengers, who have air travel experiences through Europe in both low cost carriers and legacy airlines (also called traditional or flag airlines) are used to test the hypotheses. The Lisbon airport agreed in helping to conduct the survey during October 2015. Research Question: Which configurations of in-flight attributes, demographicpsychological variables, frequency of fly in an airline carrier and type of airline carrier lead to relationship quality and behavioural intentions? The findings of the current study highlight the importance of coaligning the multiple attributes of air-flight attributes and other individual demographic-psychological variables, also including the frequency of fly in an airline carrier and type of airline carrier, for increasing relationship quality and behavioural intentions. Here the findings point out that complexity theory and QCA are useful tools for understand that simple antecedent conditions relate to an outcome condition of interest positively, negatively, and not at all, which of these three relationships occur depends on the observed complex antecedent conditions in which the simple antecedent conditions occur. Positive outcome (relationship quality or behavioural intention) is not the mirror opposite of negative outcome. By employing QCA, airline managers in Europe can identify whether and under what circumstances individual attributes and other variables will increase (or decrease) the relationship quality and behavioural intentions. QCA can also help managers uncover alternative ways for combining the attributes in order to induce behavioural intentions. Overall it is possible to see that crew and equipment & amenities, particularly for mindful passengers, emerge in several configurations as essential elements for the four outcomes: satisfaction, trust, affective commitment and behavioural intentions. For passengers not affectively committed to an airline, satisfaction plays an important role in their behavioural intention to fly again in the same airline carrier and recommend it to others. The combination of trust and affective commitment may also generate the intention to fly again in the same airline carrier and recommend it to others, particularly for mindful passengers. The findings contribute to managerial practices by providing new insights for improving the in-flight service provide and process. The findings also contribute to theoretical advancing of how passengers’ in-flight evaluations and their experience with an airline relate to their assessments of relationship quality and behavioural intentions.

본 연구는 세월호 침몰 상황 시의 실제 힐링각 변화를 환경조건으로 하고 476명의 승선자에게 정상적인 탈출명령이 전달되었을 경우를 가정한 승객 탈출시나리오를 선박용 인적피난시뮬레이션을 활용하여 예측, 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 평지에서의 평균보행속도가 각각 1.48 m/s, 2.04 m/s인 경우 힐링각 0°인 시나리오와 힐링각 30°인 시나리오에서 탈출 소요시간은 다르지만 모든 승객이 매우 높은 확률로 탈출에 성공할 것으로 예측되었다. 또한 세월호 사고의 힐링각 변화를 반영한 시나리오의 시뮬레이션에서는 평지 평균보행능력을 2.04 m/s로 설정한 경우 Nav. deck(5층)의 우현 슈트로만 퇴선하는 시나리오(Sc-Va)에서는 평균 3.1 %, 우현의 모든 갑판으로 퇴선하는 시나리오(Sc-Vb), 우현의 모든 갑판과 선미로 향하는 통로를 이용해 퇴선하는 시나리오(Sc-Vc)에서는 각각 11.1 %, 20.0 %이 탈출에 성공하지만, 평지 보행속도를 1.48 m/s로 설정할 경우 각각의 시나리오에 대해 0.8 %, 3.8 %, 10.7 %만이 탈출에 성공할 것으로 예측되었다.

There has been a rapid increase of the concern on the space radiation effect on pilots, crew and passengers at the commercial aircraft altitude (~ 10 km) recently. It is because domestic airline companies, Korean Air and Asiana Airlines have just begun operating the polar routes over the North Pole since 2006 and 2009 respectively. CARI-6 and CARI-6M are commonly used space radiation estimation programs which are provided officially by the U.S. federal aviation administration (FAA). In this paper, the route doses and the annual radiation doses for Korean pilots and cabin crew were estimated by using CARI-6M based on 2012 flight records. Also the modeling concept was developed for our own space radiation estimation program which is composed of GEANT4 and NRLMSIS00 models. The GEANT4 model is used to trace the incident particle transports in the atmosphere and the NRLMSIS00 model is used to get the background atmospheric densities of various neutral atoms at the aircraft altitude. Also presented are the results of simple integration tests of those models and the plan to include the space weather variations through the solar proton event (SPE) prediction model such as UMASEP and the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) prediction model such as Badhwar-O’Neill 2010.