Potato is an important cash crop of Pakistan and widely cultivated in plains and mountains of Punjab. Khyber Pakhtun Khawa Gilgit Baltistan, on an area of 0.313 million hectares in summer, autumn and spring with an annual production of 07.9 million tons. In Pakistan potato yield is 25.2 tons per hectare, which is although above the world average but comparatively low as compare to the potential and other advance potato growing countries because of several reasons. Availability of healthy seeds and advance production technology are the major constraints to achieve the higher potato production goals. It is very alarming that in spite of good position in potato growing countries, we are unable to produce good quality seed. In Pakistan >01% quality seed is available against the seed demand around 0.5-0.7 million tons per annum and mostly depend upon the imported seed 15000-20000 tons per annum. Tissue culture industry has been a proven global technology in potato seed production, so it is dire need of the growing population and climatic change to adopt these modern technologies of potato production for sustainable and higher production and income to contribute potato growing farmers of Pakistan. It is possible with the commercial use of tissue culture and allied techniques as aeroponic potato seed production along with good management and plant protection measures to provide indigenous high vigor and high yield potential potato seed. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council has established Aeroponic Potato Seed Production facility at National Agricultural Research Center with the collaboration of Korean Govt RDA-KOPIA Pakistan. The Aeroponics is a modern technology for growing plants by providing a nutrient solution in the air without soil. Plants grow rapidly in the growth chamber under the aseptic environment, balanced nutrition and sufficient oxygen availability that improves potatoes production in the aeroponic system. This can produce 10 times more yield than conventional production systems. Aeroponics techniques are credited for making potato yield more efficient, and can reduce the number of steps in the potato seed multiplication. Through tissue culture and aeroponics facilities development in Pakistan, first ever more than 200,000 nucleus mini harvested at NARC from the autumn 2021 and spring 2022 planation at KOPIA screen houses. Further seed multiplication from the harvest is under progress at up hills and more than 500,000 tubers (G1) are expected to be harvested during October-November 2022. It is very encouraging, impressive and successful venture of KOPIA at Pakistan for the potato seed production and self-sufficiency to insure food security in the country.

1. 두 차례의 오일쇼크(1973년, 1979년)와 세계곡물위기 (2008년)는 상대적으로 천연자원이 풍부하지 못한 국가들에게 위협이 되었다. 우리나라의 경우, 식량의 약 70% 이상을 수입 에 의존하고 원유의 100%를 수입에 의존하기 때문에 식량 및 석유의 가격변동으로 인한 위험에 노출된 정도가 심하였다. 2. 하지만, 위험정도는 국가 간의 부존자원, 이를 대체할 수 있는 기술력 수준, 경제변동률 등에 따라 다르게 분석되었다. 3. 본 논문의 연구목적은 이러한 개별 국가가 처한 위험 정 도를 알아보기 위해, 2개 구간(1971-1990년, 1991-2011년)으로 나누어 국가 유형화를 시도함. 유형화를 위해 요인분석, 군집분 석을 실시하였으며 아래와 같은 몇 가지 시사점을 도출하였다. 4. 본 논문에서는 (1) 시간이 흐름에 따라 식량 자원보다 에 너지 자원의 활용이 많아져 경제변동률이 높은 유형에는 에너 지 자급률이 높은 국가들이 다수 포함되어 있음을 알 수 있고, (2) 국가별 식량 안보수준의 변화는 에너지 안보수준의 변화 에 비해 부정적인 방향으로 흘러가고 있다는 것을알 수 있으 며, (3) 생산력 수준이 낮은 국가들의 식량자급률은 하락하는 방향으로 이행되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과는 식량자급률 하락에 따른 식량 자원 분포의 비대칭성 문제와 아울러식량 자원 생산에 있어서의 불균등도 심화 문제를 야기 시킬수 있다는 측면에서 시사하는 바가 크다.

This paper aims to analyze inequality of maize self-sufficiency rate among countries in 1970-2011. Utilizing sub-group consistency of Generalized Entropy and Atkinson inequality index, the estimated maize self-sufficiency rate inequality is further decomposed into two steps’ separate country groups. First, lower and upper income groups and then lower, lower middle, upper middle and high income groups are used based on the national classification of the world bank. It is inferred that 1980s’ policy intervention and 1990s’ Uruguay Round negotiations have different effect on the inequality among four different country groups.