Riptortus pedestris is a polyphagous species and an economically important insect pest of soybean. We investigated the phenology of R. pedestris at 13 locations - Jeonju, Naju, Goheung, Milyang, Gunwi, Andong and 7 locations of Jeju. Fish trap was used for monitoring R. pedestris. The traps were baited with lures containing a 1:5:1 ratio of myristyl isobutyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2 hexenoate and (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate. There was difference the first adult catch and local temperatures among sampling sites. To determine spring emergence distribution and annual phenology pattern, we used the monitoring data and ambient temperature from each sampling sites. We compare the seasonal occurrence and spring emergence between 2016 and 2017 in each location.

Riptortus pedestris is a polyphagous species and an important pest of soybean. We investigated the phenology of R. pedestris at 14 locations - Jeonju, Naju, Goheung, Namhae, Milyang, Gunwi, Andong and 7 areas of Jeju. Commercial pheromone monitoring traps were used. The traps were baited with lures containing a 1:5:1 ratio of myristyl isobutyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2 hexenoate and (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate. There was difference the first adult catch and nymph emergence among locations. To develop spring emergence distribution pattern, we used the trap data from each location. Spring emergence by sampling date was cumulated and analyzed relative to the Julian date using Weibull distribution function.

The spring emergence of individual insect would be influenced by surface temperature during winter season. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, overwinter as a full-grown larva within spherical and compactly woven cocoons in the clefts of tree bark. It consume new shoots early and fruits later in the growing season. To estimate the spring emergence of G. molesta, we used the lower developmental threshold (8.14°C) and thermal constant (279.3) for overwintering G. molesta. The climate data were obtained from the web site of the Korea Meterological Administration(KMA) from 1975 to 2015 at 61 locations, respectively. The spring emergence of G. molesta was changed depending on ambient temperature of each year.

The study was conducted to investigate the spring emergence pattern of G. molesta and to forecast the emerging time of overwintering G. molesta on tree fruit orchards. G. molesta is one of major insect pests on fruit trees in Korea. The host range of G. molesta includes many economically important tree fruit plants such as apple, pear, peach and plum. The overwintering G. molesta emerge from late March as an adult lay eggs on the shoot of peach or fruits of apple, plum and peach. Therefore, it is important to understand the biofix and to forecast the emerging peak period of overwintering G. molesta for establishing the pest management strategy. The pheromone trap of G. molesta has been utilized to monitor the population density in apple orchard. The commercial stick trap (GreenAgroTech) and lure (Z8-12:AC, E8-12:Ac, Z8-12:OH, 95:5:1) was set to monitor the population density of G. molesta on each place (56 different fruit orchards). The record of temperature was received from meteorological center close to monitoring orchards. The parameters for forecasting the emerging time and peak period of overwintering G. molesta were calculated from the results of Yang et al (1997 and 2001). Although the estimated biofix of G. molesta was not fitted well, the peak period of overwintering G. molesta was explained by linear regression model. The spring emergence pattern of G. molesta was presented differently related to host plant and geographical location. The peak period of G. molesta at the same mornitoring county was presented differently according to host plant. The synchronization between host plant and G. molesta may be studied to figure out the spring emerging time of overwintering G. molesta.

Background: In Korea, seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer need to be stored under cold temperature and high humidity condition for months to break physiological dormancy, making storage difficult until spring-sowing. This study was conducted to test the effects of seed storage conditions and seed treatment on the emergence of seedling after spring-sowing in a nursery greenhouse. Methods and Results: After dehiscence, endocarp dried seeds in mild or completely, and wet seeds were stored in 2℃ and −3.5℃ during winter. Storage at −3.5℃ resulted in a lower emergence rate (ER) than that at 2℃, and additional cold (2℃) treatment before or after storage at −3.5℃ increased the ER. Endocarp dehydration prevented pre-germination at 2℃ storage and increased the ER of seeds stored at −3.5℃. ER was also dependent on the batch of seeds. However, seed treatments before sowing had only limited effects on ER. Root loss was the main reason for damping-off; prolonged cold storage of seeds increased damping-off, as the detection of pathogens was not high. Conclusions: This study showed that storage conditions such as temperature and moisture content of seeds, affect the ER after spring-sowing and vitality of seedlings, suggesting further attention on seed control for secure seedling stands after spring-sowing.