To improve photocatalytic performance, CdS nanoparticle deposited TiO2 nanotubular photocatalysts are synthesized. The TiO2 nanotube is fabricated by electrochemical anodization at a constant voltage of 60 V, and annealed at 500 for crystallization. The CdS nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotubes are synthesized by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. The surface characteristics and photocurrent responses of TNT/CdS photocatalysts are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrometer and LED light source installed potentiostat. The bandgaps of the CdS deposited TiO2 photocatalysts are gradually narrowed with increasing of amounts of deposited CdS nanoparticles, which enhances visible light absorption ability of composite photocatalysts. Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance is observed in the nanocomposite TiO2 photocatalyst. However, the maximum photocurrent response and dye degradation efficiency are observed for TNT/CdS30 photocatalyst. The excellent photocatalytic performance of TNT/CdS30 catalyst can be ascribed to the synergistic effects of its better absorption ability of visible light region and efficient charge transport process.

지난 2년간(2014~2015) 인천공항에서 수행한 ｢휴대･우편･특송으로 수입되는 금지식물에서 검출되는 해충 분류동정 연구｣를 통하여 많은 해충이 휴대식물을 통해 검출됨을 확인하였다.(2015년도 식물검역기술개발사업 보고서)휴대식물 반입건수가 꾸준히 증가하고, 이에 따른 금지해충의 유입가능성 또한 높음에 따라 인천공항으로 반입되는휴대식물 및 해충 발생 조사를 위하여 2017년 3월부터 6월까지 조사를 실시하였다. 총 131건의 휴대식물을 조사한결과, 17개국 29품목에서 해충이 검출되었으며 망고, 망고스틴, 고추, 구아바 순으로 많이 검출되었다. 반입국가는베트남이 48건으로 가장 많았으며, 중국 27건, 태국 23건 등의 순이었다. 해충은 총 21건에서 검출되었다. 깍지벌레과와가루깍지벌레과가 포함된 노린재목이 11건으로 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 벌목 5건, 나비목 3건, 딱정벌레목은 2건검출되었다. 오리엔탈과실파리는 1건을 차지하였다.

각진장미흰깍지벌레, 참식나무흰깍지벌레와 후박나무굴깍지벌레로부터 채집된 Encarsia explorata (Silvestri) [후박굴깍지좀벌 (신칭)] 및 담배가루이로부터 채집된 Encarsia lutea (Masi) [가루이좀벌 (신칭)] 을 국내분포로 처음 보고한다. 또한 이들 종들의 검색표, 식별형질, 사진자료, 분포 및 기주 정보도 함께 제공하였다.

가루깍지벌레는 열대지역에서 일반적인 해충으로 관상식물과 과수류의 큰 문제를 일으키는 해충이다. 캄보디아와 라오스에는 현재 가루깍지벌레과 22종 및 12종이 각각 보고되어 있다. 최근 이들 지역에서 가루깍지벌레과 연구를 수행하여 13종이 채집되었으며, 그 중 캄보디아에서 3종인 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959), Phenacoccus solani (Ferris, 1918), Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) 와 라오스에서 6종인 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959), Paracoccus invectus (Williams, 2004), Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898), Planococcus litchi (Cox, 1989), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897), Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller, 1996)가 이들 국가로부터 처음 보고된다.

사철나무 잎과 가지에 발생하는 사철깍지벌레로부터4종의 면충좀벌, 제줄깍지좀벌, 주걱깍지좀벌, 장미깍지좀벌 및 Pteroptrix machiaveli (Girault)가 채집되었고, 이중 Pteroptrix machiaveli (Girault) [사철깍지네마디좀벌(신칭)] 1종을 국내분포로 처음 보고한다. 또한 이들 종들의 식 별형질, 사진자료, 분포 및 기주 정보도 함께 제공하였다.

온실에서 재배되는 수입 드라세나묘목 및 게발선인장에서 채집된 뿌리깍지벌레 2종 Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen 및 Rhizoecus albidus Goux를 우리나라에서 처음으로 보고한다. 이들은 수입된 식물을 통해 온실에 도입된 것으로 추정되며 우리나라에 추가적인 유입과 정착을 방지하기 위해 이들 종의 진단형질, 사진자료, 기주 및 분포정보를 제공하고자 한다.

2007년부터 2011년 사이 우리나라로 수입된 식물류에서 검출된 113종의 깍지벌레 목록을 정리하였으며, 이들 종들의 검출횟수, 기원, 기주식물 및 분포에 대한 자료도 추가하였다. 한편, 동 자료의 분석을 통해 국내 유입시 식물에 피해를 줄 것으로 예상되는 깍지벌레 종에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 한다.

국가 간 농림수산물 교역량의 증가에 따른 새로운 병해충의 확산을 방지하기 위한 검역의 중요성이 날로 증대되고 있는 가운데, 형태적 특성에 의한 해충 동정의 한계를 극복하기 위한 방법으로 최근 다양한 분자생물학적 방법을 이용한 종 동정 수단이 개발되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내산 과실에서 발견되는 주요 30여종의 해충에 대한 미토콘드리아 COI 바코드 서열분석과 바코드 서열에 기반 한 종 특이적 PNA probe개발을 통한 microarray system을 구축하였다. 그 결과 6종의 가루깍지벌레와 8종의 깍지벌레, 7종의 나방류, 5종의 응애류, 4종의 잎굴파리에 대한 DNA barcode 서열을 확보하였으며 각 분류군 공통적인 PCR 증폭 방법을 개발하고, PCR 증폭산물을 이용하여 효과적 해충의 동정이 가능함을 확인하였다.

인천국제공항을 통해 여행객들에 의해 반입되는 휴대식물(수입금지 생과실 등)에서 금지해충(과실파리류, 나방류 등)의 유입 가능성이 높음에도 불구하고, 금지식물에서 발생하는 해충에 대한 분류학적 정보가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 금지해충의 신속하고 정확한 종 동정을 위하여 다양한 해충 시료의 확보가 필요하다. 이를 위하여 금지해충 유입 우려가 높은 품목인 망고와 망고스틴에서 검출되는 해충에 관한 연구가 우선적으로 요구되었으며, 2010년부터 2011년 9월 현재까지 휴대로 반입되는 망고와 망고스틴에서 해충조사를 실시하였다. 망고에서는 금지해충인 과실파리과 Bactrocera dorsalis sp. complex, Bactrocera correcta, 규제해충인 바구미과 Sternochetus mangiferae, Sternochetus olivieri, Sternochetus frigidus 등이 검출되었다. 망고스틴에서는 규제해충인 가루깍지벌레과 Pseudococcus cryptus, Dysmicoccus lepelleyi, 총채벌레과 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, 개미과 Dolichoderus sp., 비규제해충인 밀깍지벌레과 Coccus hesperidum이 검출되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 두 품목에서 예상보다 높은 해충감염률을 나타냈으며, (특히 망고에서는 외형상으로 규제해충인 망고씨바구미 등의 감염여부를 판단할 수 없기 때문에) 여행객을 통해 휴대로 반입되는 식물류에 대한 엄격한 검역과 수입 금지품에 대한 철저한 반입금지가 요구됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 휴대 반입식물에 대한 해충감염률 및 종 구성에 대한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

가루이(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)는 전 세계적으로 161속, 1,566종이 보고되었으며(Evans, 2007; Martin과 Mound, 2007), 최근까지 국내에 13속, 20종이 기록되었다(Lee 등, 2005; Suh와 Hodges, 2005). 특히 몸 크기가 작고 바이러스를 매개하는 가루이는 수입 묘목류에 부착되어 침입될 가능성이 높기 때문에, 검역적으로 중요한 미소 해충그룹중 하나이다. 이에 이들 곤충에 대한 국내 발생조사가 지속적으로 수행되고 있으며, 본 조사를 통해 우리나라 가루이과 미기록 4종이 추가 확인되었다. Aleuroclava montanus (Takahashi), Asterobemisia atraphaxius (Danzig), Pentaleyrodes yasumatsui Takahashi, Rhachisphora styraci (Takahashi)

표면 탄성과 디바이스의 전극재료로 사용되는 Al-%Cu(4000Å)/tungsten nitride 박막을 magnetron sputtering 법으로 제조하고 전기저항을 평가한 비정질상의 tungsten nitride 박막을 제조할 수 있었고, 비정질 형성을 위해 질소비(R =N2/(Ar+N2)가 10~40% 정도 필요하다. Tungsten nitride 박막의 잔류응력은 비정질이 형성되면서 급격히 감소되었다. 이러한 비정질 박막위에 Al-1%Cu 합금막이 형성되었다. 다층막은 453K에서 4시간 동안 열처리함으로써 3.6μΩ-cm의 저항을 나타냈는데, 이는 박막내 결정립 성장과 결함의 감소에 기인하였다.

Background: In Korea, seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer need to be stored under cold temperature and high humidity condition for months to break physiological dormancy, making storage difficult until spring-sowing. This study was conducted to test the effects of seed storage conditions and seed treatment on the emergence of seedling after spring-sowing in a nursery greenhouse. Methods and Results: After dehiscence, endocarp dried seeds in mild or completely, and wet seeds were stored in 2℃ and −3.5℃ during winter. Storage at −3.5℃ resulted in a lower emergence rate (ER) than that at 2℃, and additional cold (2℃) treatment before or after storage at −3.5℃ increased the ER. Endocarp dehydration prevented pre-germination at 2℃ storage and increased the ER of seeds stored at −3.5℃. ER was also dependent on the batch of seeds. However, seed treatments before sowing had only limited effects on ER. Root loss was the main reason for damping-off; prolonged cold storage of seeds increased damping-off, as the detection of pathogens was not high. Conclusions: This study showed that storage conditions such as temperature and moisture content of seeds, affect the ER after spring-sowing and vitality of seedlings, suggesting further attention on seed control for secure seedling stands after spring-sowing.

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. meyer is currently cultivated throughout the Korea Peninsula except for Jeju Island. We divided into 3 sectors according to latitude, north, middle, and south, and compared ginseng growth and environmental factors. Methods and Results : We surveyed 11 farms, and while temperature, plant density, sunshade material, and soil properties were varied between the farms, most north part used sunshade film and transfer-seeding, and middle-south and south part used sunshade net, and direct-seeding. From 1st to 10th of June, 2018, the temperature inside of sunshade of each farm which ranged 20.5 - 24.5℃ did not concerted with the local meteorological air temperature nor latitude. The average plant length was 66.0 ± 8.1 with a significant difference between local farms (p < 0.001). Plant length showed high correlation with stem length, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width, but not with chlorophyll content, thus plant length was used to compare the effects of environmental factors on plant growth. The temperature had negative correlations between plant length (r = -0.396, p = 0.056) and stem length (r = -0.420, p = 0.041), but not with others. When local farms grouped into 3 sectors, the temperature inside sunshade was lowest in south than others, and stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width of north sector were higher than other sectors. Conclusion : The temperature of local farm might affected by micro environment such as sunshade and geometrical properties, and partially devote on the growth difference between the local farms.

Background: Dazomet are widely used as soil fumigant to solve soilborne problems, and the degradation intermediates are toxic to nematodes, fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds. Methods and Results: The effects of cultivation of green manure crop, maize before and after soil fumigation on the control of ginseng root rot disease were compared using soil where 6-years-old ginseng was harvested. Fumigant (dazomet) were used for soil fumigation in May and September, respectively. Maize was grown for soil management before and after soil fumigation. After May fumigation, the sowing date of maize was delayed by 15 days and thus its dry weight was decreased significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation increased pH but decreased EC, NO3, P2O5, and K significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation decreased fungi population and the ratio of fungi and bacteria. Growth of 2-years-old ginseng was improved and the incidence of ginseng root rot was significantly decreased by maize cultivation after May fumigation. After harvesting 2-years-old ginseng, the population of Cylindrocarpon destructans was not different between treatment of May and September, but Fusarium solani showed a significant increase in September fumigation after maize cultivation. Conclusions: Maize cultivation after soil fumigation was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by the amendment of mineral composition and microorganism in fumigated soil.

Background: Saline soil has negative effects on the growth of most crops. Sodium is the main element that causes salt accumulation in soil. Organic materials such as cow and poultry manure, are frequently used during the preparation stage, which causes an increase in the rate of salt accumulation in the soil. Methods and Results: To investigate the influences of sodium on ginseng, NaH2PO4, Na2SO4, and NaCl were used to adjust the sodium concentrations at 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM in nutrient solution. In a 2-year-old ginseng, toxic symptoms appeared when the sodium treatment exceeded 50 mM. The sodium concentration in the leaves was 3.33%, which is more than twice as high as that of the control treated at 50 mM. As the sodium concentration increased, the root weight significantly decreased. In the 100 mM treatment, the weight decreased by 28% when compared to that of the control. The Amount of ginsenoside significantly increased with an increase in sodium concentrations. Conclusions: These results suggest that the growth of 2-year-old ginseng is negatively affected when sodium exceeds 50 mM. This result can be used for a as basis in diagnosing the physiological disorders of ginseng.

Background: Since the revised Ginseng Industrial Act was passed, ginseng sprouts have become a new medicinal vegetable for which there is high consumer demand. However, the existing amount of research and data on ginseng production has not kept pace with this changed reality. Methods and Results: In this study we analyzed the changes in the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of growing ginseng sprouts during the period from when organic seedlings were planted in nursery soil until 8 weeks of cultivation had elapsed, which was when the leaves hardened. In the leaves, ginsenoside content increased 1.62 times with the panaxadiol (PD) system and 1.31 - 1.56 times with the panaxatriol (PT) system from 7 to 56 days after transplantation. During the same period, the total ginsenoside content of the stems decreased by 0.66 - 0.91 times, and those of the roots increased until the 21st day, and then underwent steep declines. The effect of fermented press cake extract (FPCE) and tap water (TP) on the total amount of ginsenoside per plant were similar, and could be represented with the equations y = 1.4330 + 0.2262x - 0.0008x2 and y = 0.9555 + 0.2997x - 0.0031x2 in which y = ginsenoside content x = amount of and on the total amounts of FPCE or TP, respectively after 26.4 days, however, the difference between ginsenoside content with FPCE and TP widened. Conclusions: These results suggested that the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of ginseng varied with the cultivation period and nutrient supply. These findings also provide fundamental data on the distribution of ginsenosides among plant parts for 2- year-old ginseng plants in the early- growth stage.

Background : The first planted field is decreasing due to replant failure and climate change. As a result, there is an increasing number of cases where new soil is covered in agricultural land or clearing forest to cultivate ginsengs. In this case, it is essential to improve the chemical properties of the soil before ginseng site management. This study was carried out to investigate growth, quality of ginseng and soil chemical properties to set the concentrations of nitrogen. Methods and Results : 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 ㎏/10 a of urea were each treated at 3.3 ㎡ of the field and ginseng cultivar 'Gumpoong' was transplanted. Growth characteristics were investigated by growth period and soil chemical properties were investigated every 3 months. In 2-years-old ginseng, the root weight was the highest at 4 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen while it showed the rate of increase in root weight is increased at 1 ㎏ treatment of nitrogen in 3-years-old ginseng. Physiological disorder and root rot symptom are increased at 8 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen in 2- and 3-years-old ginseng. In case of soil properties, EC and Nitrate-N concentration exceeded 0.5 dS/m and 50 ㎎/㎏ respectively from 16 ㎏ treatment group of nitrogen after 14 months. The saponin content tended to decrease with increasing nitrogen treatment concentration at the 2-years-old ginseng. In the case of 3-years-old, the highest value was 0.88% at 1 ㎏ nitrogen treatment group. Conclusion : These results indicate that the application levels of nitrogen influence growth, quality of ginseng and soil chemical properties. These data can be used to set the concentrations of nitrogen when new soil is covered in agricultural land or clearing forest to cultivate ginseng.

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production. Methods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH. Conclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately 33 - 42 seeds/㎡ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old ginseng.