기후변화는 저온, 강풍, 자외선 등 극한 환경에 적응해 온 고산식물의 생존을 위협하고 있다. 이 연구는 한라산 정상부에 고립 분포하는 방석식물 암매와 한국 특산식물인 한라솜다리를 대상으로 1) 개체군 분포와 서식지 현황, 2) 암매의 피복 면적-동시출현종 수의 관계, 3) 한라솜다리 서식지의 지형 변화, 4) 두 종의 꽃생물학적 특성을 3년간 조사하여 보전현황을 진단하고 관련 계획 수립을 위한 시사점을 제공하고자 수행되었다. 현장조사 및 무인항공시스템 (sUAS)을 이용하여 암매의 분포를 조사한 결과, 해발고도 1,778-1,927 m 범위의 총 504개 지점의 북사면 및 북서사면 에서 집중적으로 분포하였고, 한라솜다리는 해발 1,903 m 남벽의 3개 지점에서 7개체가 확인되었다. 음이항 일반화선 형모형 분석 결과, 방형구 내 암매의 피복 면적과 동시출현종 수는 유의한 양의 관계를 보였다(p < 0.001). 2017~2022년 항공 라이다를 통한 수치표고모델(DEM) 비교로 한라솜다리 서식지 주변 약 100 ㎡에 걸쳐 최대 1.5 m 이상의 고도 변화가 확인되었으며, 현장에서는 암석, 토양뿐만 아니라 식생의 유실도 관찰되었다. 암매의 꽃은 자예선숙성이며, 딱정벌레류, 벌류, 파리류 등 4종이 잠재적 수분매개자로 확인되었다. 한라솜다리는 두상화 주변부의 암꽃 통상화가 먼저 개화하고 이차화분방출의 특징을 지닌 양성화가 잇따라 중앙부에서 개화하였으며, 개체수가 극도로 적음에도 불구하고 벌류, 나비류, 파리류 등 5종이 1시간 동안 20회에 걸쳐 방문하였다. 이번 연구를 통해 암매에서 방석식물로서 주변 식물 종 풍부도를 높이는 생태적 촉진자 가능성을 확인했으며, 한라솜다리는 극히 작은 개체군, 경쟁 식생의 위협, 급격한 지형 변화로 인해 적극적 보전 조치가 요구되는 종으로 판단되었다. 이번 연구는 극도로 분포 범위가 좁은 기후변화 취약 식물종에 대한 현황 진단과 기초정보 수집의 중요성을 강조한다.

한국 분포가 확인되지 않았던 니토베은주둥이벌 Ectemnius nitobei (Matsumura, 1912)을 경기도 포천시 광릉숲에서 처음으로 확인하였다. 국립수목원 내 휴게광장의 가래나무과(Juglandaceae) 목재 벤치 구멍에서 암컷의 둥지 짓기 행동을 관찰하였으며, 유충의 먹이로 사용하기 위해 나방류 성충을 운반하는 행동을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 니토베은주둥이벌 암컷의 전신 사진, 주요 형태학적 진단 형질, 그리고 DNA 바코드 (COI) 서열을 함께 제시하여 향후 국내 분류학적 및 생태학적 연구의 기초 자료로 제공하고자 한다.

본 연구에서는 광체꽃벌속의 미기록종 Ceratina iwatai Yasumatsu, 1936을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종의 기재, 분포정보, 그리고 삽화를 제공한다.

가위벌과에 속하는 Coelioxys의미기록 2종 Coelioxys conoidea Illiger, 1806 와 Coelioxys formosicola Strand, 1913을 한국에서 처음으로 보 고한다. 본 종의 기재, 분포정보, 그리고 삽화를 제공한다.

Halictidae 전 세계적으로 3,500종 이상 발견된 큰 그룹이며 사람들의 땀에 이끌리는 특성을 보여 Sweat bee라는 이름으로 불린다. 이번 연 구에서는 꼬마꽃벌과에 속하는 Halictus hedini hedini Blüthgen, 1934을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종의 기재, 분포정보, 그리고 삽화를 제공 한다.

개나무좀과 (Bostrichidae)에 속하는 Lyctoxylon dentatum (Pascoe, 1866)(가슴각진개나무좀; 신칭), Melalgus batillus (Lesne, 1902)(큰머 리개나무좀; 신칭)을 채집하여 한반도에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 연구는 이들에 대한 간단한 진단형질과 종 정보 및 사진자료를 제공하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to develop the protection of passengers in the event of a side collision with a school bus for children. Rub-rail is installed in the United States and other countries to protect the side of school buses for children to some extent. However, in the case of Korea, there are no safety devices to protect the side of school buses for children. Therefore, the FE model was analyzed to see if there is a difference depending on whether or not Rub-rail installed on school buses in the United States is applied, and whether it affects the damage to the human body. As a result, the maximum amount of intrusion at the point of collision differs depending on whether Rub-Rail is installed. It is expected that the evaluation results of IIHS for Rub-Rail may vary depending on the degree of intrusion.

With the mandatory implementation of ESC for trucks starting in 2023, domestic truck manufacturers in South Korea are advocating for a relaxation of the maximum safe slope angle to achieve cost savings. However, there is a lack of research on the dynamic safety of trucks based on ESC installation and the relaxation of the maximum safe slope angle. This study evaluates the relationship between static safety factor (SSF) and the maximum safe slope angle, analyzing the dynamic stability of trucks through simulation considering various experimental variables. The results quantitatively demonstrate the impact of relaxing the maximum safe slope angle on dynamic safety and provide recommendations for future safety regulations.

2015년부터 2022년도까지 6개목(딱정벌레목, 노린재목, 나비목, 벌목, 파리목, 총채벌레목) 곤충들에 대해서 식물검역현장 검출실적과 국내 보고된 미기록종을 분석하였다. 해당기간 동안 국경검역에서 6개목 곤충은 총 45,084건이 검출되었다. 같은 기간 국내에서는 총 545종이 미기록종 으로 보고되었으며, 이중 9종은 국경검역에서도 검출된 것으로 확인되었다. 검역현장에서는 딱정벌레목, 총채벌레목, 노린재목이 높은 검출률을 보 였으며, 국내 미기록종 중에서는 벌목이 176종으로 가장 많이 보고되었다. 본 연구를 통해 침입압력(국경검역 검출)과 실제 침입(국내 미기록종 발 견) 사이에 비동시성이 확인되었다. 향후 보다 장기적인 분석이 필요할 뿐만 아니라 지속적인 식물검역시스템 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study examines the persistent decline of the motorcycle industry despite governmental interventions, using the perspective of path dependency. Drawing from W. B. Arthur's concept of 'Lock-in by insignificant historical events', the research delves into the lock-in phenomena within the industry's life cycle. We identified path dependency lock-in categories: contingency, historicity, and technological lock-in. The industry's licensing production method during its embryonic phase led to limited technological capabilities, establishing a technological path dependency. During the currency crisis and in alignment with China's open-door policy, the industry chose to import cheaper components, opting for economies of scale over technological innovation, intensifying the lock-in. Furthermore, the classification of motorcycle as a free industry before the currency crisis resulted in a lack of governmental support. This neglect has continued, with even modern electric motorcycle facing regulation. In conclusion, to overcome this entrenched path dependency and lock-in, significant governmental policy restructuring is essential.

In the context of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the rise of electric vehicles and personal mobility is evident. However, regulatory authorities seem to overlook vast opportunities, placing two-wheelers in a deregulated category and focusing mainly on regulations. This paper addresses a notable trend in e-mobility, emphasizing aspects often overlooked in traditional motorcycle regulatory research. Using the industrial life cycle theory as a basis, we identify challenges that have affected traditional combustion-engine two-wheelers and offer insights to navigate similar obstacles in the future. Consequently, the domestic two-wheeler market experienced a brief surge but lacked sustainable growth prospects. However, considering Japan's success in establishing global standards and design dominance in the two-wheeler industry despite its late entry, there appears to be potential for a rebound in the domestic market.

호박꽃과실파리(Z. scutellata)는 박과작물에 피해를 주는 중요한 해충이다. 현재 큐루어(Cuelure)는 국내에서 검역 대상 해충으로 규정된 오이과실파리, 타우과실파리, 및 퀸슬랜드과실파리와 더불어 호박꽃과실파리 수컷 성충의 예찰에 다양한 제형으로 활용되고 있다. 본 연구는 액 체, 고체, 및 왁스제형의 큐루어에 대한 호박꽃과실파리 수컷 성충의 야외 유인효과를 검증하기 위한 것으로 2021년 4월부터 10월까지 제주 2개 지역과 경북 1개 조사에서 2주 간격으로 모니터링하였다. 호박꽃과실파리의 발생밀도가 높은 제주지역에서는 7월부터 8월에 액체와 왁스제형의 큐루어에 호박꽃과실파리가 더 많이 유인되어 통계적인 유의차가 있었으나, 호박꽃과실파리의 발생밀도가 낮은 경북지역에서는 제형별 유인력 에 차이가 없었다. 야외조사 결과를 바탕으로 액체와 왁스제형의 큐루어가 호박꽃과실파리 수컷 성충 예찰에 권장되며, 이 두 제형의 큐루어에 유 인되는 검역 대상 과실파리류의 국내 예찰에 효과적일 수 있다.

We propose a method for developing an in-pipe inspection robot based on multiple inertial sensors. Estimating the position of underground pipelines where satellite signals do not reach remains challenging. High-precision inertial sensors and high-tech mobile robots can be solutions, but their high price limits their general use. We developed an in-pipe inspection robot by combining various low-cost sensors with a microcomputer-based RC car platform. First, we fabricated a multi-inertial sensors module by combining commercial grade low-cost MEMS inertial sensors. The sensor values measured by the multi-inertial sensor are transmitted to the main computer through the MCU, and the attitude angle of the vehicle is finally calculated through the inverse variance weighted average. The travel distance of the robot is estimated by using hall sensors and neodymium magnets attached to the inside of the wheels. Also, we measured the pipe diameter using multiple ultrasonic sensors. We verified the estimation accuracy of each sensor through experiments and consequently estimated the 3D trajectory of the in-pipe robot.

The purpose of this study was to develop a side protection device for school buses for children. In the case of the door side impact beam, it plays a very important role because it protects passengers from external collisions. However, in the case of a school bus for children, the space between the door and the door trim is very narrow, unlike a general passenger car. So, as an alternative to this, we are trying to develop Rub Rail, which is compulsory for children's school buses in the United States. Based on the results of structural analysis according to the cross-sectional shape of the rub rail, we want to find out the appropriate shape of the rub rail.

In this paper, we propose a dynamic stability prediction method for heavy vehicles based on Lateral Load Transfer Ratio. The key factors influencing vehicle roll motion are the vehicle's load, the position of the center of mass, the tread and the vehicle speed. Using these factors, we derive the lateral load transfer ratio (LTR) formula. In addition, we investigated LTR changes and vehicle rollover of heavy vehicles in various scenarios using TruckSim. As a result, the threshold value of the change rate of the LTR at which the vehicle rolls over was 0.68-0.72. Finally, we performed a numerical experiment to prevent rollover by calculating the optimal speed in the rollover situation.

In this study, corrosion fatigue crack propagation was investigated in pH buffer environment using the giga strength steel and its heat-affected zone, and the results were compared with theoretical model prediction. Also, the pure corrosion effect on fatigue crack propagation in a corrosive environment was compared with the modified Forman equation. As results, the average value of corrosion rate obtained as the ratio of the net corrosion-induced crack length to the total crack length under cyclic loading in the base metal and heat-affected zone under experimental loading conditions. These results exhibit a new theoretical method for corrosion fatigue crack propagation that predicts a purely corrosion effect on the behavior to be determined.

In this paper, a simulation computerized crash analysis evaluation method through reverse engineering was applied to the Defender vehicle to systemize and simplify the certification of small-scale electric vehicles. The Defender vehicle was selected as a benchmarking vehicle that converts into an electric vehicle, and the layout of the frame and element analysis of individual parts were conducted through reverse engineering. To review the vehicle package layout, the fastening and assembly method for each part was analyzed referring to the Defender maintenance guide and parts list, and it was used for frame element technology analysis. In addition, collisions according to the main frame material and the shape of the crash box were analyzed, and various cases were analyzed through parameter study. As a result of the crash analysis, it was found that the mild steel main frame could not guarantee the safety of the vehicle in a fixed wall collision situation, and the ATOS material would increase the collision safety of the Defender relatively. Through the crash analysis according to the shape of the crash box, it was found that the strength of the crash box is too high compared to the main body, and this should be reflected in the design for small-volume production of multiple products.

This research propose a vehicle attitude estimation method using sensor fusion of speedometer and six-axis inertial sensor. External acceleration generated in a dynamic environment such as high-speed movement of a vehicle causes a considerable error in the attitude angle measured by the accelerometer. The external acceleration is estimated using velocity data obtained from speedometers mounted on most vehicles. The vehicle velocity is decomposed into three vector components using the angular velocity and attitude angle measured by the inertial sensor in the previous time step. The attitude angle estimated by the speedometer and the accelerometer is used to correct the error of the gyro sensor in the Kalman filter. In order to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, experiments on a scenario of rapid acceleration/deceleration of a truck in a straight section and a scenario of high-speed driving on a long-distance highway are conducted.

In this research, a capacitance pressure sensor with graphene membrane and titanium substrate have been developed and studied as a potential robust substrate and a sensitive membrane material for micromachined devices. Mechanical lamination process combined with micromachining processes have been selected for the fabrication of the pressure sensor. Prior to the fabrication, capacitive pressure sensors based on a graphene diaphragm and titanium substrate have been designed. The fabricated pressure sensor uses a titanium substrate, a graphene film laminated with a floating movable plate, and a fixed surface micromachined back electrode of electroplated nickel. Finite element method is adopted to investigate the residual stresses formed in the process.Also, the out-of-plane strain is calculated under the pressure of the diaphragm. The sensitivity of devices manufactured using these techniques is 7.5 to 4 kPa-1, and the net capacitance change in the range of 0 to 180 kPa is 013 pF.

벌목 개미과 시베리아개미아과(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)의 Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) (신칭 민개미)가 국내에서 처음 발견되었다. 진단학적 형질, 분포 범위, 해충으로서의 잠재적 가능성에 대하여 논의되었다.