본 연구는 제주 지역에 산재한 방사탑을 풍수적인 측면에서 해석하고 이를 육지 돌탑과의 비교를 통해 제주 방사탑이 가지는 지역적 특수성을 규명하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 지방문화재로 등록된 제주 6개 지역의 17개 방사탑을 사례로 하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 육지 돌탑은 각종 재앙의 방지, 보허, 수구막이, 조산, 형국 보완 등 다양한 기능을 가지지만, 제주 방사탑은 보허와 재액방지 등 그 기능 이 비교적 단순하였다. 둘째, 육지 돌탑은 숲이나 나무 등과 혼합된 형태의 비보양상을 보이지만 제주방사탑은 탑 자체만 존재하였다. 셋째, 방사탑의 위 치가 포구가 아닌 마을의 경우 육지와 유사하게 마을 입구에 존재한 반면, 포 구에 위치한 방사탑은 포구 자체를 마을 입구로 상정하고 세워졌다. 넷째, 육 지의 비보가 숲, 돌탑, 연못, 조산 등 다양하게 나타나고 있으나, 제주 방사탑은 탑만이 존재하는 단순성을 보였다. 다섯째, 육지돌탑은 마을 내부의 기운 이 누설되는 것을 방지하고, 외부의 사기(邪氣)가 유입되는 것을 방지하는 등 양면성을 보이고 있으나, 제주 방사탑은 외부의 사기가 유입되는 것을 방지하 는 것이 주목적인 단면성을 보이고 있다. 여섯째, 육지 돌탑은 비보와 아울러 제의(祭義)기능을 수행하는 것이 대부분이나, 제주 방사탑은 제의기능이 없는 비보기능만이 존재하였다. 이는 결국 육지에서 제주지역으로 유입된 돌탑비 보가 제주지역의 지역적 특수성에 의해 선택적으로 또한 해당 지역의 특성을 반영하여 적용된 것임을 의미한다. 따라서 한반도 풍수에서의 비보 역시 제주 지역으로 대표되는 특정 지역에서는 지역적 특수성에 있으며, 이는 풍수적 불 완전성을 극복하고자 하는 제주인들의 풍수적 노력의 산물이라 할 수 있다.

Recent earthquakes in Korea caused some damages to stone pagodas and thereby awakened the importance of earthquake preparedness. Korean stone pagodas which have been built with very creative style of material use and construction method are worthy of world heritage. Each stone pagoda consists of three parts: top; body; and base. However each tower is uniquely defined by its own features, which makes it more difficult to generalize the seismic assessment method for stone pagodas. This study has focused on qualitative preliminary evaluation of stone pagodas that enables us to compare the relative seismic performance across major aspects among many various Korean pagodas. Specifically an analytical model for multi-block stone pagodas is to be proposed upon the investigation of structural characteristics of stone pagoda and their dynamic behavior. A strategy for seismic evaluation of heritage stone pagodas is to be established and major evaluation factors appropriate for the qualitative evaluation are identified. The evaluation factors for overall seismic resisting behavior of stone pagodas are selected based on the dynamic motions of a rigid block and its limit state. Numerical simulation analysis using discrete element method is performed to analyze the sensitivity of each factor to earthquake and discuss some effects on seismic performance.

Following the earthquake that shook the city of Gyeongju, Korea, in 2016, it became apparent that research on the safety of cultural heritages against the seismic hazards is necessary in Korea. Predictions of how historically significant stone pagodas would behave the earthquakes anticipated in near future, which are the subject of this study, is also required. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of 15 cultural heritage designated stone pagodas of Korea were investigated, including natural frequency and damping ratio, and the stiffness of the stone material and its contact area were determined using eigenvalue analysis by assuming the stone pagodas to be multi-degree-of-freedom structures. The results of this study enable the structural modeling of stone pagodas using a finite element analysis program and the method is expected to be useful in assessing the structural safety of stone pagodas against vertical loads as well as lateral forces, including earthquakes. Also, by identifying the dynamic characteristics of the structures, the results of this study can be utilized as a nondestructive testing method to determine the rigidity of cultural heritage structures and to identify inherent problems. The natural frequencies of the Korean stone pagodas were measured to be within 3.5~8.3㎐, excluding cases with distinct natural frequency results, and it was determined that the natural frequencies of the stone pagodas are influenced by various parameters including the height and joint stiffness of the structures.

This study aims to examine the development process of the early stone pagodas of Unified Silla. The history of stone pagodas traces back to both Baekje and Silla in the Three Kingdoms period, but the styles and structures of pagodas began differently. In other words, Baekje attempted to recreate the wooden pagoda style, while Silla attempted to recreate China' brick pagoda style. These different stone pagoda cultures, around the unification of Three Kingdoms, underwent new style changes, and after the mid-7th century, some changes in the five-storied stone pagodas in Tapri appeared, and the milestone perfection of Silla's stone pagodas was achieved through those of Gameusa Temple and Goseonsa Temple. After the mid-7th century, Silla's stone pagodas accommodated some of Baekje's wooden pagodas' elements, shifted from the wooden pagoda style and developed into its own stone pagoda style. This is shown in numerous stone pagodas. However, in Silla's stone pagodas, including the three-storied stone pagoda in Hwagboksa Temple in 692, the size of the pagoda became small and underwent sudden changes. In other words, a new direction of Silla stone pagodas was presented in terms of how massive stones could be reduced, but they differed only in the reduced stone amount; the basic developed style of the Gameunsa Temple stone pagoda and the Goseonsa Temple stone pagoda inherited the traditional style. Thus, the construction of these two pagodas is considered to be significant in the Silla's history of stone pagodas.

The wooden pagoda was first appeared in about late 4th century in Korea. And between the late 6th century and the eary 7th centry, the multistoried wooden pagoda was replaced with the stone pagodas, in order to improve their stability and durability. In Three-kingdom and Unificated-Silla period, there are two types of stone stupas in Korea. The one is Paekche(百濟)style, and the other is Silla(新羅) style stone pagoda. These two styles are basically different in each part like podium, roof stone, body stone, structure and the others. Two types of stupas are distributed in two regions which devided into the East(Silla territory) and West(Paekche territory) in the Korean peninsular. The origin of the Korean stone pagoda can be traced to the Paekche dynasty and Silla dynasty. The former were the result of the careful study of their skillful wooden pagodas, where the latter were actualy originated from copying their sundried brick pagodas with stone. Two important pagodas of the primitive stage are the stone pagoda of Miruksa(彌勒寺) temple in Iksan and Bunhwangsa(芬皇寺) temple in Kyungju. These two pagodas are compared with each other in the style of their construction. Silla style have sharp straight lines and short distance between roof stone and eaves. They give us strong as well as intelletural feeling. Howerever, Paekche style has curved lines and dull angles of cutting area of stone, they give us soft feeling.