PURPOSES : The increasing heat wave warnings during the summer season in Korea have significant impacts on daily life and industry as a whole, especially in urban areas (such as areas with asphalt and sidewalk pavements). Heat waves directly affect urban heat island and heat dome phenomena. Various urban temperature reduction measures are being discussed to reduce urban heat islands and heat dome phenomena and to improve citizen safety against summer heat waves; suggestions include thermal packaging, rooftop greening, and expansion of vegetation areas. There is a lack of analysis on the methodology for increasing the road spraying effect during summer heat waves (e.g., there is no systematic engineering study on the effect from reducing the temperature of the road spraying during a heat wave in the city) and on the types of road pavements in the city. In addition, as the asphalt pavements of roadways and block pavements installed in sidewalks account for a considerable portion of all pavements, this study provides a more systematic and scientific approach and procedures for reducing temperatures through road spraying in the city by tracking the effects of heat waves. METHODS : In this preliminary experiment, four types of road pavement materials were selected as test specimens: asphalt test specimens (AP- 300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm), concrete test specimens (CP-300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm), impermeable blocks (IB-200 mm × 200 mm × 60 mm), and self-permeable blocks (PB-200 mm × 200 mm × 60 mm). As a test method to evaluate the size and duration of each spray effect package type, the surface temperature of each specimen was measured using thermal imaging cameras every 20 min after spraying at the maximum temperature point of each specimen, and the average surface temperature was analyzed based on the collected temperature data. In addition, to conduct a quantitative analysis of the effect of reducing the surface temperature of road pavements by road spraying in summer, field tests were conducted on asphalt roads and watertight blocks for sidewalks. RESULTS : As a result of the comparative analysis of the spray effect under a 36 ℃ air temperature based on a heat wave warning, the surface temperatures were, from high to low, the asphalt (68.8 ℃), concrete (59.1 ℃), impermeable block (57.3 ℃), and permeable block (58.7 ℃). The asphalt pavement had the greatest effect on the heat island and heat dome phenomena. From measuring the temperature reduction effect and sustainability of each type of road pavement, the surface temperature reduction effects were ranked in the following order: water-permeable block (Δ18.0 ℃), asphalt test piece (Δ17.5 ℃), concrete test piece (Δ12.2 ℃), and water-permeable block (over 240 min). In the report pitching block, the average road surface temperature reduction between the pore recovery and treatment was expected to continue to decrease by approximately -4.3 ℃ on the day of work and approximately -2.4 ℃ on the next day. The expected effect of the temperature reduction owing to simple spraying on the surface of the pore block was evaluated to be limited to the day. CONCLUSIONS : In the road spray effect analysis conducted on the common asphalt road, there was a slight difference in the initial temperature reduction size as the test specimen was measured, but the surface temperature difference between the non-spray section and spray section tended to be approximately Δ3°C after 140 minutes of spraying. Therefore, it was determined that the asphalt pavement temperature reduction plan through road spraying in urban areas in summer would be the most effective if it was repeated twice or more in an hour (between 13:00 and 14:00) on the day of the heat wave.

본 연구에서는 하절기 토마토 재배 시 주간 포그 냉방, 야간 히트펌프 냉방을 처리를 하여 냉방 처리가 온실 내 온습도, 작물의 생육 및 수확량에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 하절기 주간에 차광 처리한 대조구 온실의 평균 온습도는 32.1°C, 59.4%였고, 포그 처리한 시험구 온실의 평균 온도는 30.0°C, 74.3%로 나타났다. 이 때 외부의 평균 온습도는 31.4°C, 57.7%로 대조구 온실의 온도는 외기보다 0.7°C 높았으나 시험구 온실의 온도는 외기보다 1.4°C, 대조구보다 2.1°C 낮게 나타났다. 평균 습도는 시험구 온실 74.3%, 대조구 온실 59.4%로 포그 처리를 한 시험구에서 높게 나타났다. 야간 대조구 온실의 평균 온습도는 25.2°C, 85.1%였고, 히트펌프로 냉방을 한 시험구 온실의 평균 온습도는 23.4°C, 82.4%, 로 나타났다. 야간 외부의 평균 온습도는 24.4°C, 88.2%로 대조구 온실의 온도는 외기보다 0.8°C 높았으나 시험구 온실의 온도는 외기보다 1.0°C, 대조구보다 1.8°C 낮게 나타났다. 평균 습도는 시험구 온실 82.4%, 대조구 온실 85.1%로 나타나 시험구 온실의 습도가 더 낮게 나타났다. 작물 생육은 정식하고 8주 후에는 두 온실 간의 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났으나 냉방 처리 후에는 시험구 온실의 작물이 대조구에 비해 경경, 초장, SPAD 값이 높게 나타났다. 토마토의 수확량은 냉방을 시작하고 2주 후까지 총 생산량의 차이는 1.2%로 큰 차이 없었으나 3주 후와 4주 후의 일 생산량이 시험구에서 대조구보다 많게 나타났다. 최종적으로는 시험구의 수확량이 81.3kg, 대조구의 수확량이 73.8kg으로 시험구가 대조구에 비해 10.2% 많게 나타남으로써 하절기 주간 포그 냉방, 야간 히트펌프 냉방이 작물 성장에 적합한 환경을 조성해 줌으로써 생육 및 생산성에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. 냉방 처리에 따른 경제성을 비교해보면 대조구 온실에서는 142,166원의 수익이 있었던 반면 시험구 온실에서는 28,727원의 손해가 발생하여 냉방 처리는 경제성이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 재식 밀도, 히트펌프 운용 시간 및 기간을 조절하여 에너지 사용은 줄이면서 생산성을 증가시킨다면 경제성도 확보할 수 있을 것으로 기대되며 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단 된다.

▪ About Heat island? In the city, there are many concrete and asphalt structures easily heated by solar heat. Also, while the fuel of factories, homes and cars in the city is burned, it generates heat at the same time. Due to these, there is the phenomenon called the heat island effect that the temperature of the city is 2 to 5 ℃ as high as of the suburb. As for widely known isolation-heat technology, there are reflection-paint coating(structure and pavement), heat-reduction pavement(water retention). Applying reflection paint to a building and pavement can reduce the surface temperature of the building up to 30 ℃, and 15 ℃ over the pavement. In summer, heat-reduction pavement(water retention) has the effect of reducing the pavement surface temperature to 10~20 ℃ ▪ Solution We can consider ways about applying heat-reduction pavement(water retention) to main section of expressway, spraying water using dirt wagon and applying reflection paint to office and tollgate.

Now a days, frequency of abnormally high temperatures like heat wave by global warming and climate change is increasing constantly and the number of patient with heat related illness are jumping rapidly. In this study, we chose the case day for the heat wave in Busan area(Busan and Yangsan), 2013 which it was the most hottest year during 21th century. And then, we analysed the weather condition using automatic synoptic observing system(ASOS) data. Also, four indices, heat index(HI), wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT), Man-ENvironment heat EXchange model(MENEX)’s results like Physiological subjective temperature(PST), Physiological strain(PhS), were calculated to evaluate the thermal comfort and stress quantitatively. However, thermal comfort was different as the each station and thermal comfort index during same time. Busan’s thermal indices (HI: hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: very hot) indicated relatively higher than Yansan’s (HI: very hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: sweltering). It shows that Busan near coast is relatively more comfortable than Yangsan located in inland.

최근 도시는 지구온난화와 도시열섬효과의 가중으로 기온상승이 뚜렷하며, 지표면의 대부분이 아스팔트나 콘크리트 재질의 불투수층으로 녹지에 비해 많은 열을 흡수 및 방출하므로 도시에 거주하는 대다수의 시민은 고온 환경에 노출될 가능성이 증가하고 있다. 하지만 현재 국내는 고온 환경에서 인체가 받는 열부하량에 대한 연구가 활발하지 않은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고온 환경에서 발생할 수 있는 인명피해를 저감하고자 하는 방재적인 측면에서 인체가 받을 수 있는 열부하량을 간접적으로 평가할 수 있는 흑구온도 관측을 실시하였다. 2012년 하계 집중관측을 통해 흑구온도의 특성 및 표준흑구온도계와 자동관측장비로 개발된 WBGT-K200에서 관측된 흑구온도를 비교분석함으로써 방재적인 측면에서 효율성이 높은 장비를 파악하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 흑구온도는 일사량이 강할수록 강수량이 적을수록 풍속이 약할수록 증가하는 특성을 보였으며, 그 중에서도 일사량에 가장 민감하게 반응하였다. 두 번째, 관측 장비의 특성 상 흑구 내에 물을 채우지 않는 WBGT-K200은 흑구 내에 물을 채우는 표준흑구온도계에 비해 열전도율이 높으며, 비열이 낮은 특성을 보였다. 세 번째, 일사량이 급증하는 11～14 LST사이에 WBGT-K200의 흑구온도가 비교적 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 하계 고온 환경에서 발생할 수 있는 인명피해를 저감하기 위한 방재적인 측면에서 흑구 내에 물을 채우지 않고, 일사량이 증가하는 시간대에 흑구온도가 상대적으로 높게 나타난 WBGT-K200을 사용하는 것이 적합하다고 판단된다.

In order to see the stratification related to the heat flux in Deukryang Bay, the oceanographic data on July 12, 1994 and the meteorological data of Kohung and Kwangju meteorological stations were analyzed. The temperature differences between the sea surface and the near bottom were 1∼3℃ on spring tide (July 12, 1994) in Deukryang Bay. The air temperature anomalies were high about 3℃ during summer in 1994. These mean that the tidal mixing was not effective in destroying the stratification due to the sea surface heating by the solar radition, even though it was on spring tide. The maximum solar radiation was about 600 ly/day, which was the value of the same date of oceanographic observation. The sensible and the latent heat flux which are 0∼100 ly/day were not so varied during summer. The absorbed heat flux through the sea surface was mostly lost by the back radiation, which ranges are about 0∼-400 ly/day. The dimensionless mixing parameter related to the buoyancy flux was 5∼-150×l0 ㄷ테 (-5). The efficiency of tidal mixing to destroy the stratification was 0.4∼0.6%.